Phonological Variation and Change in Italian

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Vietti
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Considerable Variability ◽  
Phonological Variation ◽  
Local Variety ◽  
Prolonged Contact ◽  
Total Variability ◽  
The One ◽  
Internal Variation

The phonology of Italian is subject to considerable variability both at the segmental and at the prosodic level. Changes affect different features of the phonological system such as the composition of the inventory of phonemes and allophones, the phonotactic patterning of phonemes, and their lexical distribution. On the prosodic level, the variability takes the form of a composite collection of intonational patterns. In fact, the classification of intonational contours in geographical varieties appears fuzzier and less precise than the traditional division into geographical areas based on segmental features. The reasons for the high variability must be traced back, on the one hand, to the rapid and recent standardization and, on the other hand, to the prolonged contact with Romance dialects of Italy. Variation in Italian phonology can be traced back to two main dimensions: A geographic dimension, accounting for a large proportion of the total variability, and a social dimension that regulates variety-internal variation. The overall picture can be understood as a combination of vertical and horizontal sociolinguistic forces. Horizontal dynamics is responsible for the creation of a pluricentric standard, that is, a multiplicity of models of pronunciation that could be considered as geographical versions of the standard. Vertical dynamics brings about the formation of new norms at a local level and, most important, it generates a continuum of dialects ranging from the (regional) standard to the most local variety. Moving along this vertical continuum from the standard down to the local variety, there is an increasing of variability that represents a source for the emergence of social and stylistic values.

Do You Want to See the Tree? Ignore the Forest

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Poirel ◽  
Claire Sara Krakowski ◽  
Sabrina Sayah ◽  
Arlette Pineau ◽  
Olivier Houdé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Local Information ◽  
Visual Environment ◽  
Global Information ◽  
Focus Attention ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Hierarchical Stimuli ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
The One

The visual environment consists of global structures (e.g., a forest) made up of local parts (e.g., trees). When compound stimuli are presented (e.g., large global letters composed of arrangements of small local letters), the global unattended information slows responses to local targets. Using a negative priming paradigm, we investigated whether inhibition is required to process hierarchical stimuli when information at the local level is in conflict with the one at the global level. The results show that when local and global information is in conflict, global information must be inhibited to process local information, but that the reverse is not true. This finding has potential direct implications for brain models of visual recognition, by suggesting that when local information is conflicting with global information, inhibitory control reduces feedback activity from global information (e.g., inhibits the forest) which allows the visual system to process local information (e.g., to focus attention on a particular tree).

Aspects of the Evolution of the Romanian Tourists’ Preferences Concerning the Domestic Tourist Destinations

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28
Author(s):  
Aniela Bălăcescu ◽  
Radu Șerban Zaharia
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Model ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Tourist Destinations ◽  
Tourism Management ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
On Line ◽  
The One ◽  
Long Term Studies

Abstract Tourist services represent a category of services in which the inseparability of production and consumption, the inability to be storable, the immateriality, and last but not least non-durability, induces in tourism management a number of peculiarities and difficulties. Under these circumstances the development of medium-term strategies involves long-term studies regarding on the one hand the developments and characteristics of the demand, and on the other hand the tourist potential analysis at regional and local level. Although in the past 20 years there has been tremendous growth of on-line booking made by household users, the tour operators agencies as well as those with sales activity continue to offer the specific services for a large number of tourists, that number, in the case of domestic tourism, increased by 1.6 times in case of the tour operators and by 4.44 times in case of the agencies with sales activity. At the same time, there have been changes in the preferences of tourists regarding their holiday destinations in Romania. Started on these considerations, paper based on a logistic model, examines the evolution of the probabilities and scores corresponding to the way the Romanian tourists spend their holidays on the types of tourism agencies, actions and tourist areas in Romania.

Somatoform disorders: diseases of the civilization

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
I. Kukhtevich
Keyword(s):  
Health Professionals ◽  
Somatoform Disorders ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
The Other ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Organic Basis ◽  
Autonomic Disorders ◽  
The One ◽  
Somatic Diseases

Functional autonomic disorders occupy a significant part in the practice of neurologists and professionals of other specialties as well. However, there is no generally accepted classification of such disorders. In this paper the authors tried to show that functional autonomic pathology corresponds to the concept of somatoform disorders combining syndromes manifested by visceral, borderline psychopathological, neurological symptoms that do not have an organic basis. The relevance of the problem of somatoform disorders is that on the one hand many health professionals are not familiar enough with manifestations of borderline neuropsychiatric disorders, often forming functional autonomic disorders, and on the other hand they overestimate somatoform symptoms that are similar to somatic diseases.

scholarly journals Modes of Interaction in Naturally Occurring Medical Encounters With General Practitioners: The “One in a Million” Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 104973232199379
Author(s):  
Olaug S. Lian ◽  
Sarah Nettleton ◽  
Åge Wifstad ◽  
Christopher Dowrick
Keyword(s):  
General Practitioners ◽  
Narrative Analysis ◽  
Mode Competition ◽  
General Applicability ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The One ◽  
Narrative Mode ◽  
Modes Of Interaction

In this article, we qualitatively explore the manner and style in which medical encounters between patients and general practitioners (GPs) are mutually conducted, as exhibited in situ in 10 consultations sourced from the One in a Million: Primary Care Consultations Archive in England. Our main objectives are to identify interactional modes, to develop a classification of these modes, and to uncover how modes emerge and shift both within and between consultations. Deploying an interactional perspective and a thematic and narrative analysis of consultation transcripts, we identified five distinctive interactional modes: question and answer (Q&A) mode, lecture mode, probabilistic mode, competition mode, and narrative mode. Most modes are GP-led. Mode shifts within consultations generally map on to the chronology of the medical encounter. Patient-led narrative modes are initiated by patients themselves, which demonstrates agency. Our classification of modes derives from complete naturally occurring consultations, covering a wide range of symptoms, and may have general applicability.

scholarly journals Testing Todd: family types and development

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Jerg Gutmann ◽  
Stefan Voigt
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
State Fragility ◽  
Family Types ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Parsimonious Model ◽  
The One ◽  
High Level

Abstract Many years ago, Emmanuel Todd came up with a classification of family types and argued that the historically prevalent family types in a society have important consequences for its economic, political, and social development. Here, we evaluate Todd's most important predictions empirically. Relying on a parsimonious model with exogenous covariates, we find mixed results. On the one hand, authoritarian family types are, in stark contrast to Todd's predictions, associated with increased levels of the rule of law and innovation. On the other hand, and in line with Todd's expectations, communitarian family types are linked to racism, low levels of the rule of law, and late industrialization. Countries in which endogamy is frequently practiced also display an expectedly high level of state fragility and weak civil society organizations.

Diverse Dimensions of the Cotard’s Syndrome - an Approach Towards a Clear Classification of the Phenomenon

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
A. Nagy ◽  
V. Voros ◽  
T. Tenyi
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Diagnostic Category ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Differential Diagnostics ◽  
Dimensional System ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Scientific Databases ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
The One

Aim:The authors present the Cotard's syndrome, a rare psychiatric condition, pointing out the latest results in terms of psychoneurology and classification of the phenomenon. The central feature of the syndrome is a nihilistic delusion, in which the patient denies his or her own existence and that of the external world.Method:We searched electronic scientific databases using the appropriate search terms; relevant articles were carefully reviewed. We also present three cases from our clinical practice.Results:After the overview of the latest biological and neuropsychological findings, the terminology, the nosology, the classification and the differential diagnostics are discussed. To sum up with useful information for the clinical practice, the possible treatment strategies, the course and the prognosis of the disease are also presented.Conclusions:The reported cases together with the reviewed literature suggest that a dimensional system of classifying Cotard's syndrome is preferable. At the one end of the spectrum is the presence of the pure nihilistic delusions, appearing as a symptom of an underlying psychiatric or neurological condition. The full-blown, classical syndrome as a diagnostic category forms the other end of the spectrum. The presented theoretical and practical aspects give a lead on deeper understanding, easier recognition and more adequate therapy of the Cotard's syndrome.

PERCUTANEOUS RENAL BIOPSY IN CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-296
Author(s):  
W. F. Dodge ◽  
C. W. Daeschner ◽  
J. C. Brennan ◽  
H. S. Rosenberg ◽  
L. B. Travis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Disease ◽  
Renal Biopsy ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Renal Lesion ◽  
Bleeding Tendency ◽  
Percutaneous Renal Biopsy ◽  
The One ◽  
Selection Of

Since 1951, when the percutaneous renal biopsy was introduced as an adjunctive method for study of patients with renal disease, reports of some 4,000 kidney biopsies have appeared in the literature. Only about 250 of these, however, have been performed in children. A biopsy specimen containing 5 to 10 glomeruli has been reported to be adequate for interpretation and to be representative of the total renal parenchyma in 84% of the cases with diffuse renal disease. Using a biopsy technique similar to that described by Kark, we have obtained an adequate specimen in 92% of 205 kidney biopsies performed in 168 children with diffuse renal diseases. Seven deaths have been previously reported in the literature. The circumstances surrounding the death of these seven patients and of the one death that occurred in our series are described. Perirenal hematoma has had a reported incidence of 0.4%. It has been our experience, as well as that of the other investigators, that if blood boss is replaced, the patient has an otherwise uneventful course and the mass subsequently disappears. Gross hematuria has had a reported incidence of 5.2%. Microscopic hematuria, lasting for 6 to 12 hours after biopsy, has been found to be the rule rather than the exception. The complications which have occurred have been associated with bleeding, and therefore a careful history concerning bleeding tendency and a study of the clotting mechanism is essential if the risk of needle renal biopsy is to be minimized. In addition to a bleeding tendency or defect in clotting mechanism, most investigators are agreed that the presence of only one kidney or an uncooperative patient are absolute contraindications to renal biopsy. The renal biopsy is primarily, at present, an additional and most useful investigative tool in the elucidation of the pathogenesis, natural history (by serial studies) and effectiveness of specific therapy upon the various renal diseases. It is of practical clinical importance in the selection of those patients with the nephrotic syndrome in whom glucocorticoid therapy is likely to be beneficial or the patient with anuria whose renal lesion is probably reversible with time; and, as a guide to the effectiveness of therapy in patients with pyelonephritis or lupus nephritis. It is not a technique that can be recommended for general or casual use. A classification of the pathohistobogic findings of diffuse glomerulonephritis, patterned after Ellis, is presented and discussed. This classification will be used in the description and discussion of various renal diseases and systemic diseases with associated nephritis in the three subsequent papers.

N. Belknap's Four-Valued Logic, Belknap Computer and New Proximity Functions for Comparing Discrete Objects

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2 (6)) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerii Dmitrienko ◽  
Sergey Leonov ◽  
Mykola Mezentsev
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
The Other ◽  
Proximity Function ◽  
Input Information ◽  
Proximity Measures ◽  
The One ◽  
True Values

The idea of ​​Belknap's four-valued logic is that modern computers should function normally not only with the true values ​​of the input information, but also under the conditions of inconsistency and incompleteness of true failures. Belknap's logic introduces four true values: T (true - true), F (false - false), N (none - nobody, nothing, none), B (both - the two, not only the one but also the other).  For ease of work with these true values, the following designations are introduced: (1, 0, n, b). Belknap's logic can be used to obtain estimates of proximity measures for discrete objects, for which the functions Jaccard and Needhem, Russel and Rao, Sokal and Michener, Hamming, etc. are used. In this case, it becomes possible to assess the proximity, recognition and classification of objects in conditions of uncertainty when the true values ​​are taken from the set (1, 0, n, b). Based on the architecture of the Hamming neural network, neural networks have been developed that allow calculating the distances between objects described using true values ​​(1, 0, n, b). Keywords: four-valued Belknap logic, Belknap computer, proximity assessment, recognition and classification, proximity function, neural network.

scholarly journals Machine learning for psychiatric patient triaging: an investigation of cascading classifiers

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 1481-1487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivek Kumar Singh ◽  
Utkarsh Shrivastava ◽  
Lina Bouayad ◽  
Balaji Padmanabhan ◽  
Anna Ialynytchev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Psychiatric Patient ◽  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Patient Records ◽  
Classification Technique ◽  
Machine Learning Approach ◽  
The One ◽  
Unique Dataset

Abstract Objective Develop an approach, One-class-at-a-time, for triaging psychiatric patients using machine learning on textual patient records. Our approach aims to automate the triaging process and reduce expert effort while providing high classification reliability. Materials and Methods The One-class-at-a-time approach is a multistage cascading classification technique that achieves higher triage classification accuracy compared to traditional multiclass classifiers through 1) classifying one class at a time (or stage), and 2) identification and application of the highest accuracy classifier at each stage. The approach was evaluated using a unique dataset of 433 psychiatric patient records with a triage class label provided by “I2B2 challenge,” a recent competition in the medical informatics community. Results The One-class-at-a-time cascading classifier outperformed state-of-the-art classification techniques with overall classification accuracy of 77% among 4 classes, exceeding accuracies of existing multiclass classifiers. The approach also enabled highly accurate classification of individual classes—the severe and mild with 85% accuracy, moderate with 64% accuracy, and absent with 60% accuracy. Discussion The triaging of psychiatric cases is a challenging problem due to the lack of clear guidelines and protocols. Our work presents a machine learning approach using psychiatric records for triaging patients based on their severity condition. Conclusion The One-class-at-a-time cascading classifier can be used as a decision aid to reduce triaging effort of physicians and nurses, while providing a unique opportunity to involve experts at each stage to reduce false positive and further improve the system’s accuracy.

Color naming, unique hues, and hue cancellation predicted from singularities in reflection properties

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 331-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID L. PHILIPONA ◽  
J. KEVIN O'REGAN
Keyword(s):  
Color Naming ◽  
Surface Reflection ◽  
Unique Hues ◽  
Neuronal Representation ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The One ◽  
Unique Green ◽  
Psychophysical Studies ◽  
Hue Cancellation

Psychophysical studies suggest that different colors have different perceptual status: red and blue for example are thought of as elementary sensations whereas yellowish green is not. The dominant account for such perceptual asymmetries attributes them to specificities of the neuronal representation of colors. Alternative accounts involve cultural or linguistic arguments. What these accounts have in common is the idea that there are no asymmetries in the physics of light and surfaces that could underlie the perceptual structure of colors, and this is why neuronal or cultural processes must be invoked as the essential underlying mechanisms that structure color perception. Here, we suggest a biological approach for surface reflection properties that takes into account only the information about light that is accessible to an organism given the photopigments it possesses, and we show that now asymmetries appear in the behavior of surfaces with respect to light. These asymmetries provide a classification of surface properties that turns out to be identical to the one observed in linguistic color categorization across numerous cultures, as pinned down by cross cultural studies. Further, we show that data from psychophysical studies about unique hues and hue cancellation are consistent with the viewpoint that stimuli reported by observers as special are those associated with this singularity-based categorization of surfaces under a standard illuminant. The approach predicts that unique blue and unique yellow should be aligned in chromatic space while unique red and unique green should not, a fact usually conjectured to result from nonlinearities in chromatic pathways.

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