Changes in the abundance and diversity of earthworms in hill soils under different long-term fertiliser and sheep stocking regimes

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Nicole S. Schon ◽  
Alec D. Mackay ◽  
Ross A. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
Hill Soils

scholarly journals Biodiversity of butterflies in endosulfan-affected areas of Kerala, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. Raghavendra ◽  
Kumar Arvind ◽  
G. K. Anushree ◽  
Tony Grace
Keyword(s):  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Wiener Index ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Affected Area ◽  
Butterfly Assemblages ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
The One ◽  
One Way Anova

Abstract Background Butterflies are considered as bio-indicators of a healthy and diversified ecosystem. Endosulfan was sprayed indiscriminately in large plantations of Kasaragod district, Kerala which had caused serious threats to the ecosystem. In this study, we surveyed the butterflies for their abundance and diversity in three differentially endosulfan-affected areas viz., Enmakaje—highly affected area, Periye—moderately affected area, Padanakkad—unaffected area, carried out between the end of the monsoon season and the start of the winter season, lasting approximately 100 days. Seven variables viz., butterfly abundance (N), species richness (S), Simpson’s reciprocal index (D), the Shannon–Wiener index (H′), the exponential of the Shannon–Wiener index (expH′), Pielou’s evenness (J) and species evenness (D/S), related to species diversity were estimated, followed by the one-way ANOVA (F = 25.01, p < 0.001) and the Kruskal-Wallis test (H = 22.59, p < 0.001). Results A population of three different butterfly assemblages comprised of 2300 butterflies which represented 61 species were encountered. Our results showed that Enmakaje displayed significantly lower butterfly diversity and abundance, compared to the other two communities. Conclusion So far, this is the first study concerning the effect of endosulfan on the biodiversity of butterfly in the affected areas of Kasaragod, Kerala, India. This study may present an indirect assessment of the persisting effects of endosulfan in the affected areas, suggesting its long-term effects on the ecosystem.

scholarly journals Fungal communities in barren forest soil after amendment with different wood substrates and their possible effects on trees’, pathogens, insects and nematodes

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Małecka ◽  
Hanna Kwaśna ◽  
Wojciech Szewczyk
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Pine Sawdust ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Abundance And Diversity

AbstractScots pine sawdust, composted bark or coarse, post-harvest woody debris from conifers had been spread over the surface of barren forest soil before planting with Scots pine. The effects of the Scots pine sawdust, composted bark or coarse, post-harvest woody debris from conifers on the abundance and diversity of culturable fungi were investigated. The amendments were aimed at increasing the soil suppressiveness toArmillariaandHeterobasidion.The classical soil-dilution method was chosen for qualitative and quantitative analyses of fungal communities in soils because of its proven reliability and consistency. The soil was inhabited by saprotrophic fungi from Ascomycota and Zygomycota, including species known to be potential antagonists ofArmillariaorH. annosum(i.e.Clonostachys + Trichodermaspp.,Penicillium commune, P. daleae,P. janczewskii) or stimulants ofArmillaria(i.e.Pseudogymnoascus roseus,Trichocladium opacum). Eleven years after treatment, the abundance and diversity of fungi, the abundance ofP. commune, and locally the abundance ofP. janczewskiiincreased, whileClonostachys + Trichodermaspp., and locally,P. daleaeandT. opacumdecreased. Amending the barren soil with organic matter does not guarantee effective, long-term suppressiveness of the sandy loam soil toArmillariaandHeterobasidion.Increased abundance of entomopathogenic and nematophagous species, 11 years after treatment, does suggest the long-term possibility of insect or nematode control in soil.

Amphipod assemblages from an artificial reef: a long-term analysis

Crustaceana ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 86 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 1025-1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Targusi ◽  
L. Lattanzi ◽  
L. Nicoletti
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Spatial Heterogeneity ◽  
Artificial Reef ◽  
Scuba Diving ◽  
Tyrrhenian Sea ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
Second Period ◽  
Term Analysis

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the long-term development of a hard bottom amphipod assemblage over a period of 12 years. Amphipod data were collected in the artificial reef of Fregene, situated in the central Tyrrhenian Sea (Italy). Amphipod samplings were carried out by scuba diving in two different periods: 1991-1992 (1st period) and 2001-2003 (2nd period). The amphipod assemblage’s structure and species composition changed over the years, as the species collected on the reef in the second period differed from those collected in the first. In addition, within the same timeframe the assemblage shows an increase in both abundance and diversity, as a result of the reef’s increase in spatial heterogeneity.

scholarly journals Negative impacts of excessive nitrogen fertilization on the abundance and diversity of diazotrophs in black soil with monocropping maize

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
La Chen ◽  
Keke Li ◽  
Wenjun Shi ◽  
Xiaolin Wang ◽  
Entao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Maize Rhizosphere ◽  
N Input ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
Diazotrophic Community

Abstract Background: Excessive nitrogen fertilizer input and low nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency in maize in China are serious ecological and economic problems, which might affect the procedures in the nitrogen cycle. To reveal the effects of long-term excessive nitrogen fertilization on diazotrophs in maize rhizosphere and bulk soil, we performed a long-term (five-year) N-input experiment (N rates from 0 to 300 kg N ha -1 ) in black soil maize in northeast China. The effect of N fertilizer application rates on the abundance, structure and compositions of diazotrophic community in both the bulk soil and rhizosphere of maize were investigated by Real-time quantitative PCR and high-throughput sequencing, and a structural equation model was constructed based on this study.Results: 1) Excessive N fertilization significantly reduced the abundance and diversity of diazotrophs. 2) The accumulation of Sphingobium was correlated positively with soil nitrate concentration and soil EC, and negatively with soil pH. The contrast correlation was found in Burkholderia . 3) Diazotrophs were enriched in maize rhizosphere, but the diversity and compositions of diazotrophic community were less affected by maize rhizosphere effect. 4) The enriched Bradyrhizobium and Methylobacterium in maize rhizosphere showed a significant positive correlation with of maize plant biomass. Conclusions: Our results suggest that through affecting soil pH, nitrate and EC values, long-term excessive N input increase Sphingobium accumulation and reduce the abundance of beneficial diazotrophs such as Bradyrhizobium and Burkholderia ，which contribute to the decreased nitrogen use efficiency.

scholarly journals Effects of Grazing Enclosures on Species Diversity, Phenology, Biomass, and Carrying Capacity in Borana Rangeland, Southern Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeneayehu Fenetahun ◽  
You Yuan ◽  
Xu Xinwen ◽  
Wang Yongdong
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Vegetation Height ◽  
Grazing Intensities ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
Index Value

A grazing enclosure (GE) is one of the most effective techniques for restoring degraded rangelands by modifying the composition, abundance, and diversity of species. However, the effect of GEs on different grazing intensities and durations compared to open-grazing (OG) rangelands is not well known. We aimed to assess the effect of GE on the characteristics of plant species. We established five plots in a short-term enclosure, a long-term enclosure, and an OG treatment to examine the effect of GE on vegetation species’ height, abundance, diversity, phenology, biomass, heterogeneity, and the carrying capacity (CC) of rangeland under grazed and enclosed conditions. We found that GE significantly (P &lt; 0.05) increased vegetation height, abundance, biomass, CC, phenological period, and species diversity. However, the increase in height, diversity, and phenological periods were not consistent with enclosure duration, and higher increments were recorded at the short-term enclosure site. The highest Shannon index value recorded at StGE (2.45) was 28.6 and 12.2% greater than the LtGE (1.75) and OG (2.15) sites, respectively. The advanced phenological periods were higher at the StGE site and showed 22.6 and 60.3% higher values than the LtGE and OG sites, respectively. The highest carrying capacities of 23.4 and 114.3% for livestock were observed at the LtGE compared to the StGE and OG grazing sites. In addition, the heterogeneity of the plants’ community was significantly higher in the long-term GE, due to the decrease in species’ diversity. In conclusion, this paper further contributes to the development of the theoretical basis on the effects of GEs and recommends strategies like rotational grazing and reseeding to be used in tandem with a GE for sustainable management of rangelands.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Different Natural Groundwaters from Repository Sites—Corrosivity, Chemistry and Microbial Community

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 603-624
Author(s):  
Mervi Somervuori ◽  
Elisa Isotahdon ◽  
Maija Nuppunen-Puputti ◽  
Malin Bomberg ◽  
Leena Carpén ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Water Origin ◽  
Steel Grades ◽  
Steel Aisi ◽  
Simulated Groundwater ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
Reference Measurements ◽  
Intermediate Level Radioactive Waste

In Finland, the repositories for low and intermediate-level radioactive waste (LLW and ILW) will be situated at three different geographical locations in about 60 to 100 m deep granite bedrock where the waste and waste containers can be subjected to anoxic groundwater containing microbes. The composition of groundwater varies in terms of chemistry and microbial activity in different locations. In this study, groundwater from the three repository areas was analyzed in respect to chemistry and microbial community. Corrosion tendency of three steel grades, carbon steel AISI/SAE 1005 and stainless steels AISI 304 and 316L, was studied in these groundwater environments using electrochemical methods. As a reference, measurements were also performed in simulated groundwater without microbes. The measurements show that corrosivity of the water and thus the steels’ performance differs depending on water origin. In addition, the groundwater differed remarkably in their chemical composition as well as abundance and diversity of microbial community between the sites. Consequently, the local environment has to be considered when evaluating the long-term evolution of disposal concepts.

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