The early emergence and developmental implications of externalizing behavior problems in
toddlers and preschoolers are discussed with an emphasis on which young children are truly at
risk for continuing problems. The extant literature is reviewed with a focus on the stability of
early externalizing behavior and the diverse pathways that young children, primarily boys, with
early-emerging problems may follow. Findings from a number of studies, both epidemiological
and high risk, suggest that the small subgroup of boys with multiple risk factors that include
especially high levels of early hyperactivity and aggression, and high levels of negative parenting
and family stress, are most likely to evidence continuing problems at school entry.
Sociodemographic and neighborhood influences are also discussed, as are implications for future
research and policy.
Treatment Outcomes for At-Risk Young Children With Behavior Problems: Toward a New Definition of Success