China in Disintegration: The Republican Era in Chinese History, 1912–1949

The 1920s and 1930s produced some of the most exciting and voluminous theology in Chinese history as Chinese leaders gained more prominence in churches, revival movements drew converts in, mission education began to provide a stream of theology graduates, and the Chinese Christian press expanded. The nature of “Chinese Christianity” was a prime source of reflection, but so too was the Chinese state itself and the nature of Christian duty to the nation. Chapter Two surveys the state of Chinese Christianity at the beginning of the twentieth century (considering the effects of internal church developments, anti-imperialism, Christian education, elite social responsibility, and the Anti-Christian movements), then explores the notion of theology as a collective publishing exercise, via a reading of Republican Christian journals.

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Contemporary Chinese Buddhist Traditions

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199362387.013.15 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Mario Poceski

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

Chinese Buddhism ◽

Chinese History ◽

Female Participation ◽

Republican Era ◽

Historical Developments ◽

Contemporary Chinese ◽

Governmental Control ◽

Mao Era

The chapter presents an overview of contemporary Chinese Buddhism, broadly conceived, along with a survey of the major historical developments and defining responses to modernity articulated in the course of the turbulent twentieth century. After situating the growth and adaptation of Buddhism within the broad sweep of Chinese history, it highlights the ways in which the Buddhist community tried to revive and to reform its tradition during the Republican era. The central part of the chapter describes the institutional revival and renewed interest in Buddhism during the post-Mao era, along with a discussion of the mechanisms of governmental control over Buddhism. Also covered are the remarkable Buddhist resurgence that over the last several decades has been taking place in Taiwan, the scope of female participation in the development of contemporary Buddhism, and the ongoing globalization of Buddhist organizations and practices.

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Introduction

Heaven Has Eyes ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190060046.003.0001 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Xiaoqun Xu

Keyword(s):

Legal History ◽

Judicial System ◽

Chinese History ◽

State Law ◽

Human Relations ◽

Republican Era ◽

Time Periods ◽

Law And Justice ◽

Mao Era

The introduction posits the thesis of the book, that the notion of “Heaven has eyes” meaning “justice should and will be done” is part of an enduring Chinese belief that manifests in how law and justice have functioned in Chinese history. It explains that in the Chinese mind justice (meaning what is just and the judicial system and practices) is conceived to be an alignment of Heavenly reason (ultimate morality), state law, and human relations and feelings; “Heavenly reason” or ultimate morality was redefined in different time periods. The introduction outlines four broad time periods of Chinese legal history: the imperial era, the Republican era, the Mao era, and the post-Mao era.

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