Women's Health Policies Associated with Obesity, Diabetes, High Blood Pressure, and Smoking: A Follow-Up on the Women's Health Report Card

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer P. Wisdom ◽  
Yvonne L. Michael ◽  
Katrina Ramsey ◽  
Michelle Berlin
2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen A. Matthews ◽  
Yuefang Chang ◽  
Howard M. Kravitz ◽  
Joyce T. Bromberger ◽  
Jane F. Owens ◽  
...  

2007 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary B. Duda ◽  
Min P. Kim ◽  
Rudolph Darko ◽  
Richard M.K. Adanu ◽  
Joseph Seffah ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Ramon Casanova ◽  
Sarah A. Gaussoin ◽  
Robert Wallace ◽  
Laura Baker ◽  
Jiu-Chiuan Chen ◽  
...  

Background: Identification of factors that may help to preserve cognitive function in late life could elucidate mechanisms and facilitate interventions to improve the lives of millions of people. However, the large number of potential factors associated with cognitive function poses an analytical challenge. Objective: We used data from the longitudinal Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS) and machine learning to investigate 50 demographic, biomedical, behavioral, social, and psychological predictors of preserved cognitive function in later life. Methods: Participants in WHIMS and two consecutive follow up studies who were at least 80 years old and had at least one cognitive assessment following their 80th birthday were classified as cognitively preserved. Preserved cognitive function was defined as having a score ≥39 on the most recent administration of the modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICSm) and a mean score across all assessments ≥39. Cognitively impaired participants were those adjudicated by experts to have probable dementia or at least two adjudications of mild cognitive impairment within the 14 years of follow-up and a last TICSm score <  31. Random Forests was used to rank the predictors of preserved cognitive function. Results: Discrimination between groups based on area under the curve was 0.80 (95%-CI-0.76–0.85). Women with preserved cognitive function were younger, better educated, and less forgetful, less depressed, and more optimistic at study enrollment. They also reported better physical function and less sleep disturbance, and had lower systolic blood pressure, hemoglobin, and blood glucose levels. Conclusion: The predictors of preserved cognitive function include demographic, psychological, physical, metabolic, and vascular factors suggesting a complex mix of potential contributors.


2016 ◽  
Vol 84 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Mossello ◽  
David Simoni

<p>High blood pressure and cognitive impairment often coexist in old age, but their pathophysiological association is complex. Several longitudinal studies have shown that high blood pressure at midlife is a risk factor for cognitive impairment and dementia, although this association is much less clear in old age. The effect of blood pressure lowering in reducing the risk of dementia is only borderline significant in clinical trials of older subjects, partly due to the insufficient follow-up time. Conversely, dementia onset is associated with a decrease of blood pressure values, probably secondary to neurodegeneration. Prognostic effect of blood pressure values in cognitively impaired older subjects is still unclear, with aggressive blood pressure lowering being potentially harmful in this patients category. Brief cognitive screening, coupled with simple motor assessment, are warranted to identify frail older subjects who need a more cautious approach to antihypertensive treatment. Values obtained with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring seem more useful than clinical ones to predict the outcome of cognitively impaired older subjects. Future studies should identify the most appropriate blood pressure targets in older subjects with cognitive impairment. </p><p><strong>Riassunto</strong></p><p>Ipertensione arteriosa e decadimento cognitivo spesso coesistono in età avanzata, sebbene la loro associazione sia complessa dal punto di vista fisiopatologico. Diversi studi longitudinali hanno mostrato che elevati valori pressori in età adulta rappresentano un fattore di rischio per decadimento cognitivo e demenza, sebbene tale associazione sia molto meno chiara in età avanzata. L’effetto della terapia antiipertensiva è risultato ai limiti della significatività statistica nel ridurre il rischio di demenza negli studi di intervento su soggetti anziani, in parte a causa della durata insufficiente del follow-up. D’altra parte, l’insorgenza di demenza è associata con una riduzione dei valori pressori, probabilmente secondaria alla neurodegenerazione. L’effetto prognostico dei valori pressori in anziani con decadimento cognitivo non è stato ancora chiarito, in presenza di un possibile effetto dannoso di un trattamento antiipertensivo aggressivo in questa categoria di pazienti. Un breve screening cognitivo, associato con una semplice valutazione motoria, è raccomandato per identificare gli anziani fragili, che necessitano di un approccio più cauto alla terapia antiipertensiva. I risultati del monitoraggio della pressione arteriosa nelle 24 ore sembrano più utili della misurazione clinica per predire la prognosi degli anziani cognitivamente compromessi. Studi futuri dovrebbero identificare gli obiettivi pressori più appropriati nel trattamento di anziani con decadimento cognitivo.</p>


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