The Law of the Jungle? Denmark's International Legal Status during the Second World War

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Gram-Skjoldager
1967 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 287-287 ◽  

A. Szakats, “The Influence of Commonwealth Law Principles on the Uniform Law on the International Sale of Goods” (1966) I.C.L.Q. (July) 749–779.In the July issue of I.C.L.Q. on p. 749, note 6, and on p. 779, reference was made to the Donaldson Committee and it was quoted that in their view “there was no demand or need for any changes in the law as contained in the Sale of Goods Act.” As source, L. A. Ellwood, “The Hague Uniform Laws Governing the international Sale of Goods,” Some Comparative Aspects of the Law Relating to Sale of Goods, I.C.L.Q. Suppl. Publication No.9 (1964), pp. 38–42, was referred to. In fact no such comment was made by the Committee. The author expresses his regret for the error. [The Board of Trade point out that the passage cited by Dr. Szakats summarised the views of H.M. Government on the original Draft Law, which was issued through the League of Nations before the second World War. Editor]


Author(s):  
Lung-Lung Hu

Abstract Japan was supposed to obey the law during the second world war. However, the Nanjing Massacre still happened. Hirohito, the Japanese emperor, deliberately avoided mentioning the International Treaties in the imperial rescript of the Great East Asia War in 1937. The Nanking Massacre was carried out according to the Japanese army’s interpretation of the imperial rescript. Such a legal interpretation was rooted in the idea that Japan had to educate the Chinese and transform China by killing its people in order to pursue a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere led by Japan. In the film Black Sun: The Nanking Massacre (1995), we can see both a justification of and an opposition to killing. In this paper I am going to show how the imperial rescript is used to justify this mass killing is and how opposing arguments are used to show its cruelty and absurdity, which is taken as a means to achieve a greater good.


2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-150
Author(s):  
Camelia Moldoveanu

The author examines the legislative means by which the Jewish minority in Romania was dispossesd of its assets prior to World War II by the Fascist regime, and in the wake if this war, by the Communist regime. The study examines how, the post World War II govermennt willfully hindered the restitution of unlawfully taken Jewish assets, and how it has allowed not only the perpetuation of the dispossession which took place during the Holocaust, but has also added measures for the nationalization of Jewish assets. The post 1989 restitution process is also examined briefly, to outline the successive failures of the Romanian Government to enact proper restitution.


2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-33
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Digard

Abstract: The consumption of meat depends first of all on religious prescripts: unlike Christianity, Judaism and Islam prohibit certain meats. Then comes the cultural status (distinct from the legal status) of animals: in Europe, the consumption of rabbits has declined due to his assimilation to a “pet”. After an increase in the post Second World War period, meat consumption has been declining in Europe since the 2000s; similarly, in North Africa and the Middle East, its consumption tends to be closer to that of Europe. These fluctuations owe more to changes in living modes and standards than to animalist activism.Résumé : La consommation carnée dépend d’abord de prescriptions religieuses : à la différence du christianisme, le judaïsme et l’islam interdisent certaines viandes. Vient ensuite le statut culturel (distinct du statut légal) des animaux : en Europe, la consommation du lapin a reculé du fait de son assimilation à un « animal de compagnie ». En Europe toujours, après une hausse après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la consommation carnée diminue depuis les années 2000 ; à l’inverse, en Afrique du Nord et au Moyen-Orient, elle tend à se rapprocher de celle de l’Europe. Ces fluctuations doivent davantage à l’évolution des genres et des niveaux de vie qu’au militantisme animaliste.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1294-1324
Author(s):  
Mikhail N. Suprun ◽  
Alena I. Gerasimova

After the outbreak of the Second World War, the eastern territories of Poland were occupied by the Soviet troops (and the new Soviet-Polish border was removed far to the West). Almost 320 thousand Polish citizens who resided in these territories were arrested and sent to the camps and special settlements in the remote regions of the USSR. Of them, almost 58 thousand people were deported to Arkhangelsk Oblast. Based on the materials of two special settlements of Primorsky Raion of Arkhangelsk Oblast, this article considers the process of deportation of Polish citizens, the conditions of their accommodation and labor, their legal status, and repatriation. The authors made an attempt to identify social groups, establish the sex and age composition of the deportees, describe the process of their adaptation to the new conditions and labor efficiency, and point out the peculiarities of the application of amnesty and repatriation. According to the results of the study, the authors came to the conclusion that the conditions in the special settlements under study were such that the death rate among Polish settlers there in the first winter was almost 10% despite the territorial proximity of these settlements to the regional center. Of the survivors, only 20% of working-age men could be involved in the work in the forest. The rest of the exiles consisted of women and children, more than half of whom (47%) were children under the age of 14. In violation of the law, another 15–20% of this number could be sent to work, but in any case, the labor efficiency of such workers was minimal. The situation was aggravated by the lack of normal working and living conditions, which entailed high disease incidence and, as a result, absence from work. Such a contingent became burdensome for logging enterprises. Even with the lowest wages, special settlers’ labor was unprofitable. Meanwhile, even after the 1941 amnesty, the authorities did everything they could to keep the special settlers in the USSR. The authors explain this fact by an attempt to make Polish citizens hostages in resolving the “Polish issue,” i.e. recognition of the new Soviet-Polish border by the West and the Polish Government-in-Exile in London. As soon as an agreement with the allies on the western border of the USSR was reached and the special settlers got an opportunity to leave the USSR, there was no single Polish citizen who wanted to stay in the Soviet Union, and all of them hastened to leave for their homeland.


2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (38) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edson Vieira da Silva Filho ◽  
Gustavo Silva Xavier

Jurisdição constitucional e hermenêutica: discutindo as condições de possibilidade de aplicação do direito a partir relativização da presunção de inocência Constitutional jurisdiction and hermeneutics: discussing the conditions for the possibility for the application of the law based on the relativization of the presumption of innocence  Edson Vieira da Silva Filho* Gustavo Silva Xavier** REFERÊNCIA SILVA FILHO, Edson Vieira da; XAVIER, Gustavo Silva. Jurisdição constitucional e hermenêutica: discutindo as condições de possibilidade de aplicação do direito a partir relativização da presunção de inocência. Revista da Faculdade de Direito da UFRGS, Porto Alegre, n. 38, p. 62-85, ago. 2018. RESUMOABSTRACTEsta pesquisa objetiva estabelecer uma reflexão crítica, a partir da análise do julgamento pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) do Habeas Corpus 126.292 que deu ensejo à relativização da presunção de inocência, a respeito de alguns referentes teóricos utilizados na prática jurídica pátria, a saber: os precedentes judiciais sob a ótica da integridade e da coerência, a teoria dos princípios de Robert Alexy e a cisão entre questões de fato e questões de direito utilizada nos recursos extremos (extraordinário e especial). Retomando o romance em cadeia de Ronald Dworkin, o problema da indeterminação da linguagem kelseniano e a teoria da argumentação jurídica de Robert Alexy, analisamos a prática jurisprudencial que sucedeu o referido julgado e vimos como os estes implicaram em uma loteria judiciária e insegurança jurídica. Nossa hipótese é a de que caso a teoria da ponderação alexyana fosse aplicada nos termos propostos pelo jusfilósofo alemão não teria havido a relativização da presunção de inocência. Para serem alcançados esses resultados, utilizam-se como metodologia os aportes teóricos da Crítica Hermenêutica do Direito de Lenio Streck. Como resultado, conclui-se que para que as amarras do passado (e do presente) que geram a flexibilização da autonomia do direito (e dos direitos fundamentais) sejam rompidas, faz-se necessária a inserção em um novo paradigma, no qual os princípios passam a representar o resgate do mundo prático e o elevado grau de legitimidade que o direito assumiu no paradigma do segundo pós-guerra. The present research aims to establish a critical reflection based on the judgment of the Habeas Corpus 126.292, that gave rise to the relativization of the presumption of innocence, regarding some of the theoretical references used in the country’s law practice, such as: the judicial precedents based on integrity and coherence, Robert Alexy’s theory of principles and the schism between factual issues and legal issues used on the extreme legal appeals (extraordinary and special). Resuming from the theory of chain romance by Ronald Dworkin, the kelsenian problem of the indetermination of the language and the schism between factual and legal issues, the jurisprudential practice that followed the before mentioned judgment is analyzed, and it was noticed how these imply a kind of judiciary lottery and judicial insecurity. The here proposed hypothesis is that the in case the alexyan ponderation theory were to be applied in the manner proposed by the German jusphilosopher there wouldn’t have been a relativization on the presumption of innocence. For these results to be achieve, the theoretical contributions of Lenio Streck’s Hermeneutical Critic of the Law was used as the methodology. As result, it is concluded that for the past (and present) restrains that generate the relaxation of the autonomy of the legal system (and the fundamental right) to be broken, it is necessary the introduction of a new paradigm, in which principal begin to represent a rescue of the practical world and a high degree of legitimacy that the law acquired in the post second world war paradigm.PALAVRAS-CHAVEKEYWORDSPresunção de Inocência. Crítica Hermenêutica do Direito. Ponderação. Princípios.Presumption of Innocence. Hermeneutical Critic of the Law. Ponderation. Principles.* Pós-Doutor pela Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS), Rio Grande do Sul. Doutor em Direito pela Universidade Estácio de Sá (UNESA). Mestre pela Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR). Mestre pela Universidade São Francisco (USF), São Paulo. Professor Adjunto da Faculdade de Direito do Sul de Minas (FDSM). Professor do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito da Faculdade de Direito do Sul de Minas (FDSM). Vice Presidente da Fundação Sul Mineira de Ensino.** Mestrando do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito da Faculdade de Direito do Sul de Minas (FDSM). Graduado em Direito pela Faculdade de Direito do Sul de Minas (FDSM). Editor Associado da Revista Eletrônica da Faculdade de Direito do Sul de Minas. Membro dos Grupos de Pesquisa Ultima Ratio e Sapere Aude, vinculados a Faculdade de Direito do Sul de Minas (FDSM). Advogado.


2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 95-110
Author(s):  
Stanisław Salmonowicz ◽  
◽  

The article describes the legal status of Poles residing within the territories occupied by Nazi Germany or areas incorporated into the Third Reich during the Second World War. The author points to the examples of the limitations placed on Poles in access to goods and services, including transport, healthcare, and cultural institutions. Furthermore, he reminds us of the orders and prohibitions derived from civil, administrative, and labour laws which were imposed on Poles. The author emphasises some significant differences between the Nazi occupation in Poland and in other European countries. As a result, he advocates the conduct of new research on the issue of the real situation of Poles in various occupied regions administered by the authorities of the Third Reich.


2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 953-968
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Sierzputowski

AbstractThe article discusses the complicated situation of post-German cultural property held within Poland’s borders after the Second World War. On 2 August 1945, ‘the Big Three’ decided a new layout of power within Europe. They reached an agreement that Silesia, Pomerania, the Free City of Danzig (Gdańsk), and part of East Prussia (Regained Territories) along with all the property which had been left on site, should be a part of Poland. One of the post-war priorities of the Polish Government was to regulate the legal status of post-German cultural property left within these newly-delineated borders. Although the Second World War ended in 1945, there was still a threat that the majority of post-German property could be devastated, destroyed, or even looted. There are some documented cases where such cultural property was seized inter alia by the Red Army and then transported to Russia. Since 1945, Russian museums have exhibited many of these pieces of art. This article addresses the question concerning the legal status of post-German cultural property in light of public international law. Furthermore, the article responds to the question, whether Poland is entitled to restitution of post-German cultural property looted from the Regained Territories.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document