Estimating rock properties using seismic refraction survey data: a case study in an abandoned road tunnel

Structural geological models are widely used to represent relevant geological interfaces and property distributions in the subsurface. Considering the inherent uncertainty of these models, the non-uniqueness of geophysical inverse problems, and the growing availability of data, there is a need for methods that integrate different types of data consistently and consider the uncertainties quantitatively. Probabilistic inference provides a suitable tool for this purpose. Using a Bayesian framework, geological modeling can be considered as an integral part of the inversion and thereby naturally constrain geophysical inversion procedures. This integration prevents geologically unrealistic results and provides the opportunity to include geological and geophysical information in the inversion. This information can be from different sources and is added to the framework through likelihood functions. We applied this methodology to the structurally complex Kevitsa deposit in Finland. We started with an interpretation-based 3D geological model and defined the uncertainties in our geological model through probability density functions. Airborne magnetic data and geological interpretations of borehole data were used to define geophysical and geological likelihoods, respectively. The geophysical data were linked to the uncertain structural parameters through the rock properties. The result of the inverse problem was an ensemble of realized models. These structural models and their uncertainties are visualized using information entropy, which allows for quantitative analysis. Our results show that with our methodology, we can use well-defined likelihood functions to add meaningful information to our initial model without requiring a computationally-heavy full grid inversion, discrepancies between model and data are spotted more easily, and the complementary strength of different types of data can be integrated into one framework.

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Modding Europa Universalis IV: An informal gaming practice transposed into a formal learning setting

E-Learning and Digital Media ◽

10.1177/20427530211022964 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 204275302110229

Author(s):

Rhett Loban

Keyword(s):

Survey Data ◽

Formal Analysis ◽

Educational Opportunities ◽

Formal Learning ◽

Game Based Learning ◽

Quantitative Survey ◽

Learning History ◽

Formal Tool ◽

Study Participants

This article explores the use of modding as a formal tool for learning history. The article examines data from a formal analysis of Europa Universalis IV (EUIV), a survey of 331 EUIV forum participants and a case study of 18 university participants. Significant quantitative survey data indicated that 45% (149/331) of participants had modified EUIV, and of the 125 participants who responded with comments about modding, a significant number (86/125 responses or 68.8%) explained how they had learnt about history, geography or other subjects through the modding process. Closer analysis of survey and case study responses and mods reveals the variety of ways participants learnt and critiqued history through the modding process. The article discusses the data and the pedagogical affordance of modding in a few steps. First, the article briefly explores the evidence that indicates modding is popular within the EUIV gaming community. In this instance, it examines whether given the popularity of gaming practice, modding might also be seen as a new casual form of engagement with games. Second, the article reviews the modding process in EUIV and examines how both playing and creating mods may be beneficial for learning history. Modding is examined in terms of its pedagogical importance and the unique educational opportunities it may offer that are not otherwise accessible through other forms of game-based learning. Finally, the article explores how and what the case study participants learnt when they were tasked with creating and implementing playable mods to demonstrate their understanding of history. Overall, the article considers the growing importance of mods, how learners can create and represent history using mods and how mods can provide a platform for learners to develop their own critique and analysis of official history.

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Comparison between electrical resistivity tomography and tunnel seismic prediction 303 methods for detecting the water zone ahead of the tunnel face: A case study

Open Geosciences ◽

10.1515/geo-2020-0193 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 1094-1104

Author(s):

Nima Dastanboo ◽

Xiao-Qing Li ◽

Hamed Gharibdoost

Keyword(s):

Electrical Resistivity ◽

Electrical Resistivity Tomography ◽

Geological Structure ◽

Rock Properties ◽

Electrical Tomography ◽

Tunnel Face ◽

Resistivity Tomography ◽

Geological Conditions ◽

Seismic Prediction

AbstractIn deep tunnels with hydro-geological conditions, it is paramount to investigate the geological structure of the region before excavating a tunnel; otherwise, unanticipated accidents may cause serious damage and delay the project. The purpose of this study is to investigate the geological properties ahead of a tunnel face using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and tunnel seismic prediction (TSP) methods. During construction of the Nosoud Tunnel located in western Iran, ERT and TSP 303 methods were employed to predict geological conditions ahead of the tunnel face. In this article, the results of applying these methods are discussed. In this case, we have compared the results of the ERT method with those of the TSP 303 method. This work utilizes seismic methods and electrical tomography as two geophysical techniques are able to detect rock properties ahead of a tunnel face. This study shows that although the results of these two methods are in good agreement with each other, the results of TSP 303 are more accurate and higher quality. Also, we believe that using another geophysical method, in addition to TSP 303, could be helpful in making decisions in support of excavation, especially in complicated geological conditions.

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Should We Expect a Disastrous Fire Accident in an Urban Road Tunnel? Literature Data Review and a Case Study for Selected Tunnels in Poland

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13116172 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 6172

Author(s):

Krystian Szewczyński ◽

Aleksander Król ◽

Małgorzata Król

Keyword(s):

Time Horizon ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Traffic Intensity ◽

Road Tunnel ◽

Urban Road ◽

Road Tunnels ◽

High Uncertainty ◽

Fire Outbreak ◽

Fire Accident

Urban road tunnels are a reasonable remedy for inconvenience due to congested road traffic. However, they bring specific threats, especially those related to the possibility of fire outbreak. This work is a case study for selected urban road tunnels. Considering tunnel specificity, road traffic intensity, and structure and based on the literature data for vehicle fire probability, the chances of a fire accident were estimated for selected tunnels in Poland. It was shown that low power tunnel fires could be expected in the 10–20-year time horizon. Although such threats cannot be disregarded, tunnel systems are designed to cope with them. The chances of a disastrous fire accident were estimated as well. Such events can occur when an HGV with flammable goods or a tanker are involved. Such accidents are fortunately very rare, but, on the other hand, that is the reason why the available data are scanty and burdened with high uncertainty. Therefore, a discussion on the reliability of the obtained results is also provided.

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Limitation of laboratory measurements in evaluating rock properties of bioturbated strata: A case study of the Upper Jubaila Member in central Saudi Arabia

Sedimentary Geology ◽

10.1016/j.sedgeo.2019.105573 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 398 ◽

pp. 105573 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hassan A. Eltom

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Rock Properties ◽

Laboratory Measurements

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Combining remotely sensed and survey data to better understand linkages between urbanization and child nutrition: Case study from Burkina Faso

10.2499/p15738coll2.134796 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Beliyou Haile ◽

Zhe Guo ◽

Channing Arndt ◽

Hee Eun Ahn

Keyword(s):

Burkina Faso ◽

Survey Data ◽

Child Nutrition ◽

Remotely Sensed

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The Formation of Expectations, Inflation, and the Phillips Curve

Journal of Economic Literature ◽

10.1257/jel.20171300 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 56 (4) ◽

pp. 1447-1491 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Olivier Coibion ◽

Yuriy Gorodnichenko ◽

Rupal Kamdar

Keyword(s):

Survey Data ◽

Rational Expectations ◽

Phillips Curve ◽

Rational Expectation ◽

New Keynesian ◽

Inflation Expectations ◽

Full Information ◽

Macroeconomic Modeling ◽

Expectations Formation

This paper argues for a careful (re)consideration of the expectations formation process and a more systematic inclusion of real-time expectations through survey data in macroeconomic analyses. While the rational expectations revolution has allowed for great leaps in macroeconomic modeling, the surveyed empirical microevidence appears increasingly at odds with the full-information rational expectation assumption. We explore models of expectation formation that can potentially explain why and how survey data deviate from full-information rational expectations. Using the New Keynesian Phillips curve as an extensive case study, we demonstrate how incorporating survey data on inflation expectations can address a number of otherwise puzzling shortcomings that arise under the assumption of full-information rational expectations. (JEL D04, E24, E27, E31, E37)

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