Field investigation of topsoil moisture and temperature as drivers for decomposition or germination of sclerotia (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) under winter-killed cover crops

The present studies aim at determining the antagonistic effect of selected fungi species occurring in the soil under carrot cultivation towards Altenaria dauci (J.G. Kühn) J.W. Groves & Skolko, Alternaria radicina Meier, Drechsler & E.D. Eddy, Fusarium oxysporum E.F. Sm & Swingle, Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. The field experiment considered cover crops (oats, tansy phacelia and vetch). The control consisted of traditional carrot cultivation (without cover crops). Statistically, the smallest population of fungi was found in 1 g of soil dry weight after the application of oats, and a slightly bigger – after tansy phacelia and vetch. The largest population of fungi was obtained in the traditional cultivation of carrot. Cover crops contributed to the increase of the population of antagonistic Clonostachys spp., Myrothecium spp., Penicillium spp. and Trichoderma spp. in the soil. Regardless of the experimental treatment, those antagonistic fungi were the most effective in limiting the growth of S. sclerotiorum, A. dauci and A. radicina. The effect of those fungi was a little smaller towards F. oxysporum and R. solani. Oats as a cover crop had the best effect on the antagonistic activity of the studied fungi occurring in the soil environment of carrot.

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Pathogenicity of fungi colonising the soil after the cultivation of cover crops towards the seedlings of salsify Tragopogon porrifolius var. sativus (Gaterau) Br.

Folia Horticulturae ◽

10.2478/fhort-2013-0116 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 75-84

Author(s):

Elżbieta Patkowska ◽

Mirosław Konopiński

Keyword(s):

Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Root Rot ◽

Plant Pathogens ◽

Fusarium Culmorum ◽

Disease Index ◽

Soil Environment ◽

Common Vetch ◽

Pythium Irregulare ◽

Pathogenicity Tests

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to conduct pathogenicity tests for salsify seedlings in a soil environment colonised by selected fungi species, after the cultivation of cover crops such as oats, common vetch and tancy phacelia. A growth chamber experiment used the seeds of ‘Mamut’ salsify and soil overgrown with Altenaria alternata, Fusarium culmorum, F. oxysporum, Pythium irregulare, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The pathogenicity of these microorganisms towards salsify seedlings was established on the basis of the grown plants, their health and a disease index calculated on the basis of a fivedegree scale. The examined isolates considerably weakened the emergence and health of salsify. Based on pathogenicity tests, such species as R. solani, S. sclerotiorum and P. irregulare were considered as the major cause of seedling necrosis and root rot of the plants of the Tragopogon porrifolius var. sativus. Among the studied soil-borne plant pathogens, the most pathogenic ones towards salsify seedlings proved to be the isolates of R. solani, S. sclerotiorum and P. irregulare, whereas the least harmful included A. alternata and F. culmorum.

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A Narrow Range of Wavelengths Active in Regulating Apothecial Development in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Journal of Phytopathology ◽

10.1046/j.1439-0434.2000.00546.x ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 148 (11-12) ◽

pp. 627-631 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

C. Thaning ◽

H.-E. Nilsson

Keyword(s):

Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽

Narrow Range

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Weekly Exercise Consistently Reinstates Positive Mood

European Psychologist ◽

10.1027/1016-9040.3.4.271 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 271-280 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Hannah Steinberg ◽

Briony R. Nicholls ◽

Elizabeth A. Sykes ◽

N. LeBoutillier ◽

Nerina Ramlakhan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Exercise ◽

Negative Mood ◽

Real Life ◽

Positive Mood ◽

Field Investigation ◽

Single Bout ◽

Before And After ◽

Exercise Class ◽

Negative Feelings ◽

Over Time

Mood improvement immediately after a single bout of exercise is well documented, but less is known about successive and longer term effects. In a “real-life” field investigation, four kinds of exercise class (Beginners, Advanced, Body Funk and Callanetics) met once a week for up to 7 weeks. Before and after each class the members assessed how they felt by completing a questionnaire listing equal numbers of “positive” and “negative” mood words. Subjects who had attended at least five times were included in the analysis, which led to groups consisting of 18, 20, 16, and 16 subjects, respectively. All four kinds of exercise significantly increased positive and decreased negative feelings, and this result was surprisingly consistent in successive weeks. However, exercise seemed to have a much greater effect on positive than on negative moods. The favorable moods induced by each class seemed to have worn off by the following week, to be reinstated by the class itself. In the Callanetics class, positive mood also improved significantly over time. The Callanetics class involved “slower,” more demanding exercises, not always done to music. The Callanetics and Advanced classes also showed significantly greater preexercise negative moods in the first three sessions. However, these differences disappeared following exercise. Possibly, these two groups had become more “tolerant” to the mood-enhancing effects of physical exercise; this may be in part have been due to “exercise addiction.”

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Cover crops

AccessScience ◽

10.1036/1097-8542.165900 ◽

2015 ◽

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops

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Production of asari (Manila) clams, Ruditapes philippinarum, during the period of harvest decrease in the 2000s in the Banzu tidal area, Tokyo Bay

Aquatic Living Resources ◽

10.1051/alr/2020016 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 ◽

pp. 14

Author(s):

Mitsuharu Toba ◽

Jun Kakino ◽

Kazuo Tada ◽

Yutaka Kobayashi ◽

Hideharu Tsuchie

Keyword(s):

Field Investigation ◽

Ruditapes Philippinarum ◽

Management Style ◽

Seed Stock ◽

Tokyo Bay ◽

Yearly Variation ◽

Culture Area ◽

Stock Biomass ◽

Tidal Area ◽

High Level

In Tokyo Bay, the harvestable quantity of asari (Manila) clams Ruditapes philippinarum has been decreasing since the late 1990s. We conducted a field investigation on clam density in the Banzu culture area from April 1988 to December 2014 and collected records spanning January 1986 to September 2017 from relevant fisheries cooperative associations to clarify the relationship between the temporal variation in stock abundance and the production activities of fishermen. The yearly variation in clam abundance over the study period was marked by larger decreases in the numbers of larger clams. A large quantity of juvenile clams, beyond the biological productivity of the culture area, may have been introduced as seed stock in the late 1980s despite the high level of harvestable stock. The declines in harvested quantity began in the late 1990s and may have been caused by decreases in harvestable stock despite the continuous addition of seed stock clams. The harvested quantity is likely to be significantly dependent upon the wild clam population, even within the culture area, as the harvestable quantity was not correlated with the quantity of seed stock introduced during the study period. These declines in harvested quantity may have resulted from a decreasing number of operating harvesters due to the low level of harvestable stock and consequently reduced profitability. Two findings were emphasized. A certain management style, based on predictions of the contributions of wild and introduced clams to future stock biomass, is essential for economically-feasible culturing. In areas with less harvestable stock, actions should be taken to maintain the incomes of harvesters while avoiding overexploitation, even if the total harvest quantity decreases.

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213. Mycotoxins in Mold-Colonized Drywall Obtained from a Field Investigation

10.3320/1.2765735 ◽

2001 ◽

Author(s):

R. Miller ◽

Y. Shi

Keyword(s):

Field Investigation

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New Technologies to Combat Herbicide Resistance

Outlooks on Pest Management ◽

10.1564/v30_apr_09 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 90-92

Author(s):

Rob Edwards

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Herbicide Resistance ◽

Cover Crops ◽

New Technologies ◽

Green Revolution ◽

Arable Land ◽

Limited Range ◽

Cultural Control ◽

Arable Farming ◽

The Uk

Herbicide resistance in problem weeds is now a major threat to global food production, being particularly widespread in wild grasses affecting cereal crops. In the UK, black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides) holds the title of number one agronomic problem in winter wheat, with the loss of production associated with herbicide resistance now estimated to cost the farming sector at least £0.5 billion p.a. Black-grass presents us with many of the characteristic traits of a problem weed; being highly competitive, genetically diverse and obligately out-crossing, with a growth habit that matches winter wheat. With the UK’s limited arable crop rotations and the reliance on the repeated use of a very limited range of selective herbicides we have been continuously performing a classic Darwinian selection for resistance traits in weeds that possess great genetic diversity and plasticity in their growth habits. The result has been inevitable; the steady rise of herbicide resistance across the UK, which now affects over 2.1 million hectares of some of our best arable land. Once the resistance genie is out of the bottle, it has proven difficult to prevent its establishment and spread. With the selective herbicide option being no longer effective, the options are to revert to cultural control; changing rotations and cover crops, manual rogueing of weeds, deep ploughing and chemical mulching with total herbicides such as glyphosate. While new precision weeding technologies are being developed, their cost and scalability in arable farming remains unproven. As an agricultural scientist who has spent a working lifetime researching selective weed control, we seem to be giving up on a technology that has been a foundation stone of the green revolution. For me it begs the question, are we really unable to use modern chemical and biological technology to counter resistance? I would argue the answer to that question is most patently no; solutions are around the corner if we choose to develop them.

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