Response of litter decomposition and the soil environment to one-year nitrogen addition in a Schrenk spruce forest in the Tianshan Mountains, China

Human activities have increased the input of nitrogen (N) to forest ecosystems and have greatly affected litter decomposition and the soil environment. But differences in forests with different nitrogen deposition backgrounds. To better understand the response of litter decomposition and soil environment of N-limited forest to nitrogen deposition. We established an in situ experiment to simulate the effects of N deposition on soil and litter ecosystem processes in a Picea schrenkiana forest in the Tianshan Mountains, China. This study included four N treatments: control (no N addition), low N addition (LN: 5 kg N ha−1 a−1), medium N addition (MN: 10 kg N ha−1 a−1) and high N addition (HN: 20 kg N ha−1 a−1). Our results showed that N addition had a significant effect on litter decomposition and the soil environment. Litter mass loss in the LN treatment and in the MN treatment was significantly higher than that in the control treatment. In contrast, the amount of litter lost in the HN treatment was significantly lower than the other treatments. N application inhibited the degradation of lignin but promoted the breakdown of cellulose. The carbon (C), N, and phosphorus (P) contents of litter did not differ significantly among the treatments, but LN promoted the release of C and P. Our results also showed that soil pH decreased with increasing nitrogen application rates, while soil enzyme activity showed the opposite trend. In addition, the results of redundancy analysis (RDA) and correlation analyses showed that the soil environment was closely related to litter decomposition. Soil enzymes had a positive effect on litter decomposition rates, and N addition amplified these correlations. Our study confirmed that N application had effects on litter decomposition and the soil environment in a N-limited P. schrenkiana forest. LN had a strong positive effect on litter decomposition and the soil environment, while HN was significantly negative. Therefore, increased N deposition may have a negative effect on material cycling of similar forest ecosystems in the near future.

Cross Talk Between Zinc-Solubilizing Bacteria and Plants: A Short Tale of Bacterial-Assisted Zinc Biofortification

A contemporary approach to bacterially mediated zinc (Zn) biofortification offers a new dimension in the crop improvement program with better Zn uptake in plants to curb Zn malnutrition. The implication of Zn solubilizing bacteria (ZSB) represents an inexpensive and optional strategy for Zn biofortification, with an ultimate green solution to enlivening sustainable agriculture. ZSB dwelling in the rhizospheric hub or internal plant tissues shows their competence to solubilize Zn via a variety of strategies. The admirable method is the deposition of organic acids (OAs), which acidify the surrounding soil environment. The secretion of siderophores as a metal chelating molecule, chelating ligands, and the manifestation of an oxidative–reductive system on the bacterial cell membrane are further tactics of bacterially mediated Zn solubilization. The inoculation of plants with ZSB is probably a more effective tactic for enhanced Zn translocation in various comestible plant parts. ZSB with plant growth-enhancing properties can be used as bioelicitors for sustainable plant growth via the different approaches that are crucial for plant health and its productivity. This article provides an overview of the functional properties of ZSB-mediated Zn localization in the edible portions of food crops and provides an impetus to explore such plant probiotics as natural biofortification agents.

Selenium Biofortification of Lettuce Plants (Lactuca sativa L.) as Affected by Se Species, Se Rate, and a Biochar Co-Application in a Calcareous Soil

Selenium biofortification of lettuce plants was studied for two rates (5 and 10 mg kg−1 soil) of either selenate or selenite and for the effect of 5% w/w biochar addition. Lettuce seedlings were grown in pots containing 1 kg of a calcareous soil. Twelve weeks later, the plants were harvested and selenium (Se), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) concentrations were determined in heads and roots. Plant growth characteristics were measured and plant biometrics were assessed by NDVI, NDRE, and SPAD measurements. The highest Se concentration of 315.19 mg kg−1 D.W. and the highest amount of Se taken up by plants (950.5 μg/pot) were observed for the low selenate rate with biochar. The corresponding values for selenite treatments were an order of magnitude lower. Although in general, minor to severe toxicity symptoms occurred with selenium application in no biochar treatments (except selenite low rate), the addition of biochar secured plant growth and increased S and P concentrations in plants, regulating Se uptake by plants at high selenite rate and allowing maximum plant uptake at the low selenate rate. To propose an appropriate Se fertilization rate, the fate of excess selenates in the soil environment should be examined and experimentation under soil conditions is necessary.

Biosynthesis of Antibacterial Iron-Chelating Tropolones in Aspergillus nidulans as Response to Glycopeptide-Producing Streptomycetes

The soil microbiome comprises numerous filamentous fungi and bacteria that mutually react and challenge each other by the production of bioactive secondary metabolites. Herein, we show in liquid co-cultures that the presence of filamentous Streptomycetes producing antifungal glycopeptide antibiotics induces the production of the antibacterial and iron-chelating tropolones anhydrosepedonin (1) and antibiotic C (2) in the mold Aspergillus nidulans. Additionally, the biosynthesis of the related polyketide tripyrnidone (5) was induced, whose novel tricyclic scaffold we elucidated by NMR and HRESIMS data. The corresponding biosynthetic polyketide synthase-encoding gene cluster responsible for the production of these compounds was identified. The tropolones as well as tripyrnidone (5) are produced by genes that belong to the broad reservoir of the fungal genome for the synthesis of different secondary metabolites, which are usually silenced under standard laboratory conditions. These molecules might be part of the bacterium-fungus competition in the complex soil environment, with the bacterial glycopeptide antibiotic as specific environmental trigger for fungal induction of this cluster.

Root mass vertical distribution of perennial cool-season grasses grown in pure or mixed swards

ABSTRACT: In this study we tested whether the root biomass of mixtures composed by grass species is greater than their respective monocultures. The treatments were monocultures of Arrhenatherum elatius, Festuca arundinacea, Dactylis glomerata, and a mixture of them, cultivated in a rich-soil environment. Root biomass was evaluated on a single evaluation per season at three soil depths (0-5, 5-10, and 10-20 cm). Mixed swards presented the greatest root biomass, and this was explained by a greater concentration in the topsoil layer (0-5 cm). These findings reinforce the need for permanent soil conservation practices to not jeopardize the benefits of the more abundant root biomass reported in the mixed swards.

Sr isotope ratio in vegetable crops and apple trees depends on that of the soil environment while is unaffected by the genotype

The 87Sr/86Sr ratio is an effective geographical tracer for horticultural products. In plants this ratio reflects closely the characteristics of the growing area. However, information about the variability of this parameter when measured in different plant species or cultivars is still scarce. In this work, we have tested the hypothesis that, when plants are growing in the same environment, their 87Sr/86Sr ratio is independent from the plant species or cultivar. For this, four to six vegetable species were collected from two fields in different locations in South Tyrol (Italy), together with the corresponding soils. Additionally, within a single apple orchard located in the same area, apple leaves were collected from trees of five cultivars. The 87Sr/86Sr ratio was measured applying an established and validated method. In general, vegetable species growing in the same field had similar 87Sr/86Sr ratios and showed a lower variability compared to their corresponding soils, while a significant difference was found comparing the 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the two vegetable fields. Apple leaves sampled from different tree cultivars also did not show a significant difference in their 87Sr/86Sr ratio. We concluded that the 87Sr/86Sr ratio in vegetables and apple trees was affected by the soil, but not significantly by the type of species or cultivar. Therefore, within limited areas, the results of the 87Sr/86Sr ratio analysis based on samples of a certain species/cultivar can be extended to other similar plants growing in the same site.

Regularities of Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Pipe Steel 09G2S at Cathodic Polarization in a Model Soil Environment

Peculiarities of corrosion-mechanical fracture of 09G2S pipe steel samples in the conditions of cathodic protection were investigated. It was established that depending on the level of protective potential, stress-corrosion cracking of pipe steel of a ferrite-pearlite class 09G2S can occur by different mechanisms. The range of protective potentials was determined, at which the anodic dissolution and hydrogen embrittlement occur simultaneously during the fracture of steel, namely from -0.85 V to -1.0 V. The existence of the above mechanisms is confirmed by the change in the strength and viscosity properties of the steel and the morphology of the fractures. For steels of other manufacturing technology and grades, these potential areas may differ.