scholarly journals Antagonistic activity of selected fungi of the soil environment of carrot

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 58-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patkowska Elżbieta ◽  
Jamiołkowska Agnieszka ◽  
Błażewicz-Woźniak Marzena
Keyword(s):  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Soil Environment ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Penicillium Spp

The present studies aim at determining the antagonistic effect of selected fungi species occurring in the soil under carrot cultivation towards Altenaria dauci (J.G. Kühn) J.W. Groves & Skolko, Alternaria radicina Meier, Drechsler & E.D. Eddy, Fusarium oxysporum E.F. Sm & Swingle, Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. The field experiment considered cover crops (oats, tansy phacelia and vetch). The control consisted of traditional carrot cultivation (without cover crops). Statistically, the smallest population of fungi was found in 1 g of soil dry weight after the application of oats, and a slightly bigger – after tansy phacelia and vetch. The largest population of fungi was obtained in the traditional cultivation of carrot. Cover crops contributed to the increase of the population of antagonistic Clonostachys spp., Myrothecium spp., Penicillium spp. and Trichoderma spp. in the soil. Regardless of the experimental treatment, those antagonistic fungi were the most effective in limiting the growth of S. sclerotiorum, A. dauci and A. radicina. The effect of those fungi was a little smaller towards F. oxysporum and R. solani. Oats as a cover crop had the best effect on the antagonistic activity of the studied fungi occurring in the soil environment of carrot.

scholarly journals Antagonistic activity of selected bacteria of the soil environment of carrot

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 277-281
Author(s):  
Patkowska Elżbieta ◽  
Błażewicz-Woźniak Marzena ◽  
Wach Dariusz
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Soil Environment ◽  
Pseudomonas Spp ◽  
Bacillus Spp

The purpose of the present studies was to determine the antagonistic effect of bacteria Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. towards selected fungi from the soil environment of carrot. Oats (Avena sativa L.), tansy phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia Bentham) and vetch (Vicia satica L.) were used as cover crops in the cultivation of this plant. In the traditional cultivation of carrot the population of bacteria was the smallest, while after the application of oats it was the largest. Laboratory tests showed that cover crops promoted the development of antagonistic Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. Irrespective of the experimental treatment, those bacteria were the most effective in limiting the growth and development of Fusarium oxysporum and Thanatephorus cucumeris (syn. Rhizoctonia solani), while being less effective towards Altenaria dauci and Alternaria radicina, and the least towards Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The best total antagonistic effect of Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus spp. towards the tested fungi was found after using oats and vetch, while the worst – in the traditional cultivation of carrot.

scholarly journals Biological control of white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) in lettuce using Brazilian Trichoderma spp. strains

2019 ◽  
pp. 803-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerarda Beatriz Pinto da Silva ◽  
Leise Inês Heckler ◽  
Miria Durigon ◽  
Ricardo Feliciano dos Santos ◽  
Maike Lovato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
White Mold ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
History Of

Widely consumed by the Brazilian, lettuce has a cultivated area of 35,000 ha. Among the diseases that might infect this crop, white mold causes major concerns for producers. Mold is caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bar. It can lead to losses of up to 100% in lettuce. The objectives of this study were assessment of antagonistic effect of Trichoderma spp. isolates, grown and prepared on rice grain, on white mold of lettuce (S. sclerotiorum). The assay was conducted using 12 Trichoderma spp. isolates, four of which came from at least a year of storage at 4ºC, four from areas with a history of the disease and four from areas without a history of the disease. Both fungi were grown on wet rice grains and only Trichoderma strains was dried and ground to be used in the next assay. The experiment was completely randomized in a factorial 12x2 design (Trichoderma spp. × substrate inoculated or not with S. sclerotiorum) and control plants without any of the fungi. The percentage of survived plants was analyzed using AUDPC, number of leaves, stem diameter, length of root system, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, and total dry matter. The results showed that all Trichoderma spp. were capable of lettuce growth promotion in the presence and absence of S. sclerotiorum. The isolates that showed the best biocontrol of S. sclerotiorum were TC1.15 and WM-13. To promote growth, the best isolates were UFSMT15.1 and WM-13, suggesting that the latter presents desirable characteristics for biocontrol, including excellent feasibility for large-scale production, good antagonistic activity to S. sclerotiorum and the ability to stimulate growth promotion in lettuce.

scholarly journals Antagonistic fungi in the soil after Daucus carota L. cultivation

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 159-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Patkowska ◽  
Agnieszka Jamiołkowska ◽  
Elżbieta Mielniczuk
Keyword(s):  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Daucus Carota ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
White Mustard ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Daucus Carota L ◽  
Antagonistic Fungi ◽  
Penicillium Spp ◽  
Soil Borne Fungi

Field and laboratory studies determined the effect of intercrop plants (rye, buckwheat, white mustard and sunflower) used in carrot cultivation on the occurrence of Clonostachys spp., Albifimbria spp., Trichoderma spp. and Penicillium spp. in the soil and their antagonistic activity. Rye and white mustard were the most effective in limiting the occurrence of soil-borne fungi. Those plants caused an increase of the population of the studied antagonistic fungi. Buckwheat and sunflower promoted the development of antagonists a little worse. The antagonistic activity of the aforementioned fungi was the highest after using rye and white mustard and slightly after buckwheat and sunflower. Those fungi were the most effective in inhibiting the growth of Altenaria dauci, A. radicina and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum pathogenic towards carrot.

Allelopathic Influence of Germinating Seeds and Seedlings of Cover Crops on Weed Species

Weed Science ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melinda L. Hoffman ◽  
Leslie A. Weston ◽  
John C. Snyder ◽  
Emilie E. Regnier
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Resource Competition ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Allelopathic Potential ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Allelopathic Interference ◽  
Radicle Length

Bioassays using binary mixtures that included a cover crop with known allelopathic potential and a weed species were employed to determine the importance of allelopathy compared to resource competition as interference mechanisms. Responses of weed species germinated with cover crops in a petri dish were measured. Interference between weed and cover crop seedlings was determined in a greenhouse experiment using the additive design, which included partitions to reduce above- and below-ground competition and used capillary mat subirrigation to control moisture and fertilizer availability. Germinating sorghum reduced radicle length of weeds, whereas germinating rye tended to increase weed radicle length. Methods limited above-ground competition, so likely interference mechanisms were below-ground competition and allelopathy. Germination with a cover crop had little effect on germination and shoot length of weeds. Increased density of rye but not of sorghum reduced growth of barnyardgrass seedlings. Reduced number of barnyardgrass leaves in the presence of rye was likely due to allelopathy. Suppression of barnyardgrass dry weight attributed to allelopathic interference by rye was successfully separated and compared to the combined effects of competition and allelopathy.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Allelopathic Potential of Leguminous Summer Cover Crops: Cowpea, Sunn Hemp, and Velvetbean

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Adler ◽  
Carlene A. Chase
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Allelopathic Potential ◽  
Sunn Hemp ◽  
Germination And Growth

The phytotoxicity of aqueous foliar extracts and ground dried residues of sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. cv. Iron Clay], and velvetbean [Mucuna deeringiana (Bort) Merr.] to crop and weed germination and growth was evaluated to compare the allelopathic potential of the cover crops. By 14 days after treatment (DAT), goosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.] germination with 5% aqueous extracts of all cover crops (w/v fresh weight basis) was similar and greater than 75% of control. However, with the 10% extracts, goosegrass germination was lowest with cowpea extract, intermediate with velvetbean extract, and highest with sunn hemp extract. Livid amaranth (Amaranthus lividus L.) germination declined to ≈50% with cowpea and sunn hemp extracts and even lower to 22% with velvetbean extract. The suppression of livid amaranth germination was greater with the 10% extracts than the 5% extracts. Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) germination was unaffected by velvetbean extract, inhibited more by the 5% cowpea extract than the 10% extract, and was also sensitive to the 10% sunn hemp extract. All cover crop extracts resulted in an initial delay in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) germination, but by 14 DAT, inhibition of germination was apparent only with cowpea extract. The phytotoxicity of ground dried residues of the three cover crops on germination, plant height, and dry weight of goosegrass, smooth amaranth (A. hybridus L.), bell pepper, and tomato was evaluated in greenhouse studies. Goosegrass germination was inhibited in a similar manner by residues of the three cover crops to 80% or less of control. Smooth amaranth germination, plant height, and dry biomass were more sensitive to sunn hemp residues than to cowpea and velvetbean residues. Bell pepper germination, plant height, and dry weight were greater than 90% of control except for dry weight with cowpea residue, which was only 78% of control. The greatest effect of cover crop residue on tomato occurred with dry weight, because dry weights with cowpea and sunn hemp were only 76% and 69% of control, respectively, and lower than with velvetbean. There was more evidence of cover crop phytotoxicity with the weed species than with the crop species and cowpea extracts and residue affected all species more consistently than those of sunn hemp and velvetbean.

scholarly journals Tomato Growth in Spring-sown Cover Crops

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
Mary C. Akemo ◽  
Mark A. Bennett ◽  
Emilie E. Regnier
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Nutrient Analysis ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Number Of Leaves

Pure and biculture stands of rye `Wheeler' (Secale cereale L.) and field pea (Pisum sativum L.) were established and killed for mulch in Spring 1996, 1997, and 1998, in Columbus, Ohio. Treatments were five rye to pea proportions, each with a high, medium, and low seeding rate. Their effects on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) growth and yield were compared with those of a weedy check; a tilled, nonweeded check; and a tilled, hand-weeded check. Tomato tissue and soil were sampled for nutrient analysis. Number of leaves, branching, height, leaf area, dry weight, rate of flowering and fruit set, and fruit yield of tomato plants varied directly with the proportion of pea in the cover crop and decreased with reduced cover crop seeding rates. In 1997, yields of tomato were as high as 50 MT·ha-1 in the 1 rye: 3 pea cover crop; yield was poorest in the weedy check (0.02 MT·ha-1 in 1996). Most of the cover-cropped plots produced better yields than did the conventionally weeded check. No consistent relationship between levels of macronutrients in tomato leaf and soil samples and the cover crop treatments was established. Spring-sown rye + pea bicultures (with a higher ratio of pea) have a potential for use in tomato production.

scholarly journals Tomato Growth in Spring-sown Cover Crops

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 843-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Akemo ◽  
Mark A. Bennett ◽  
Emilie E. Regnier
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Nutrient Analysis ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Number Of Leaves

Pure and biculture stands of rye `Wheeler' (Secale cereale L.) and field pea (Pisum sativum L.) were established and killed for mulch in Spring 1996, 1997, and 1998, in Columbus, Ohio. Treatments were five rye to pea proportions, each with a high, medium, and low seeding rate. Their effects on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) growth and yield were compared with those of a weedy check; a tilled, nonweeded check; and a tilled, hand-weeded check. Tomato tissue and soil were sampled for nutrient analysis. Number of leaves, branching, height, leaf area, dry weight, rate of flowering and fruit set, and fruit yield of tomato plants varied directly with the proportion of pea in the cover crop and decreased with reduced cover crop seeding rates. In 1997, yields of tomato were as high as 50 MT·ha–1 in the 1 rye: 3 pea cover crop; yield was poorest in the weedy check (0.02 MT·ha–1 in 1996). Most of the cover-cropped plots produced better yields than did the conventionally weeded check. No consistent relationship between levels of macro-nutrients in tomato leaf and soil samples and the cover crop treatments was established. Spring-sown rye + pea bicultures (with a higher ratio of pea) have a potential for use in tomato production.

Winter Annual Weed Suppression in Rye–Vetch Cover Crop Mixtures

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 818-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary D. Hayden ◽  
Daniel C. Brainard ◽  
Ben Henshaw ◽  
Mathieu Ngouajio
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Cereal Rye ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Winter Annual Weeds ◽  
Annual Weeds

Winter annual weeds can interfere directly with crops and serve as alternative hosts for important pests, particularly in reduced tillage systems. Field experiments were conducted on loamy sand soils at two sites in Holt, MI, between 2008 and 2011 to evaluate the relative effects of cereal rye, hairy vetch, and rye–vetch mixture cover crops on the biomass and density of winter annual weed communities. All cover crop treatments significantly reduced total weed biomass compared with a no-cover-crop control, with suppression ranging from 71 to 91% for vetch to 95 to 98% for rye. In all trials, the density of nonmustard family broadleaf weeds was either not suppressed or suppressed equally by all cover crop treatments. In contrast, the density of mustard family weed species was suppressed more by rye and rye–vetch mixtures than by vetch. Cover crops were more consistently suppressive of weed dry weight per plant than of weed density, with rye-containing cover crops generally more suppressive than vetch. Overall, rye was most effective at suppressing winter annual weeds; however, rye–vetch mixtures can match the level of control achieved by rye, in addition to providing a potential source of fixed nitrogen for subsequent cash crops.

Evaluation of Summer Cover Crops for Vegetable Production in South Florida

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 524e-524
Author(s):  
Herbert Bryan ◽  
Yuncong Li
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
South Florida ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Tropical Fruits ◽  
Sunn Hemp ◽  
Production Practices ◽  
Chemical Inputs

Cover crops are used for weed control and to retain nutrients during the heavy summer rains and have become an integral part of vegetable production practices in south Florida. Moreover the use of cover crops will continue to increase as farmers seek to improve soil quality and reduce chemical inputs. A wide variety of plants are used as cover crops in south Florida. Obviously legumes contribute more nitrogen by fixing N compared to nonlegumes such as sorghum–Sudan grass, which is a common cover crop in this area. We have evaluated 10 cover crops, and five of them are legumes. The sunn hemp, Crotalaria juncea L, stands out from other tested cover crops. Sunn hemp produced 8960 kg dry weight per ha and fixed up to 336 kg N/ha. We have strongly recommended sunn hemp as a cover crop for vegetables and tropical fruits in south Florida. A large field demonstration will be conducted in a grower's field in the summer rainy season of 1998.

scholarly journals Performance of overwinter cover crops in coastal Lebanon

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-103
Author(s):  
S. Rouphael ◽  
◽  
F. El Mekdad ◽  
A. Mouawad ◽  
M. Mjallal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Recycling ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Litter Bag ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
The Impact ◽  
To Receive

The effect of the cover crops, narbon vetch (Vicia narbonensis), oat (Avena sativa), forage radish (Raphanus sativus), on weed suppressionandsoil nitrogenwas studied in field conditions overwinter. The impact of their residues on the productivity of a subsequent corn crop was followed in the summerof the same year. Between mid-November andMarch oat produced, on a dry weight basis,915 g m-2against 402 g m-2for narbon vetch and 292 g m-2for radish. Consequently, weeds were suppressed best in the presence of oat. Narbon vetchwas less effective than radishin controlling weeds, as it was slowerto get established. In terms of mineral nitrogen, soils occupied by radish (13.1 mg kg-1soil) presented smaller concentrations of ammonium-Nthanthose by vetch(18.7 mg kg-1soil)and the control(19.7 mg kg-1soil). Following the overwinter covercrops, plots were split intoone half whereroots only were incorporated,and another half receivingwhole plants. Residues of whole plants promoted higher production of corn in the booting and flowering stages, as compared to roots only. At the 50% doughstage, the highest dry matter yield was 7.6 Mgha-1afternarbon vetch. Cornyield was the smallest after oat, due to N immobilization. This was demonstrated, using the litter bag technique, when oat residues (15.6g N kg-1) lost 31% of their N against 66% for radishresidues(21.1g N kg-1).For an effective control of weeds and nutrient recycling a cover crop, such as oat, is most efficient. In this case, the succeeding summer crop needs to receive some extra nitrogen.

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