The occurrence of nocturnal ozone maxima at a rural site in North‐West England

1988 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
I. Colbeck
Keyword(s):  
Rural Site ◽  
North West

Day-to-day variations in paddy-residue burning and residential heating emissions control aerosol pollution peaks in rural north-west India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harshita Pawar ◽  
Baerbel Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Rural Site ◽  
North West ◽  
Daily Average ◽  
Residential Heating

<p>November onwards, the poor air quality over north-west India is blamed on the large-scale paddy residue burning in Punjab and Haryana. However, the emission strength of this source remains poorly constrained due to the lack of ground-based measurements within the rural source regions. In this study, we report the particulate matter (PM) levels at Nadampur, a rural site in the Sangrur district of Punjab that witnesses rampant paddy residue burning, using the Airveda low-cost PM sensors from October to December 2019. The raw PM measurements from the sensor were corrected using the Random Forest machine learning algorithm. The daily average PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> mass concentration at Nadampur correlated well  (r > 0.7) with the daily sum of VIIRS fire counts. Agricultural activities, including paddy residue burning and harvesting operations, contributed less than 40% to the overall PM loading, even in the peak burning period at Nadampur. We show that the increased residential heating emissions in the winter season have a profound and currently neglected impact on ambient air quality. A dip in the daily average temperature by 1 ºC increased the daily emission of PM<sub>10</sub> by 6.3 tonnes and that of PM<sub>2.5</sub> by 5.8 tonnes. Overall, paddy harvest, local and regional paddy residue burning, residential heating emissions, ventilation, and wet scavenging could explain 79% of the variations in PM<sub>10</sub> and 85% of the variations in PM<sub>2.5</sub>. Day to day variations in PM emissions from residential heating in response to the ambient temperature must be incorporated into emission inventories and models for accurate air quality forecasts.</p>

scholarly journals Vertical profiles of NO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, HONO, HCHO, CHOCHO, and aerosols derived from MAX-DOAS measurements at a rural site in the central-western North China Plain and their relation to emission sources and effects of regional transport

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Wang ◽  
Steffen Dörner ◽  
Sebastian Donner ◽  
Sebastian Böhnke ◽  
Isabelle De Smedt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Gases ◽  
Rural Site ◽  
Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Vertical Profiles ◽  
Regional Transport ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
North West ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Chemistry Research

Abstract. A Multi Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) instrument was deployed in May and June 2016 at a monitoring station (37.18° N, 114.36° E) in the suburban area of Xingtai (one of the most polluted cities in China) during the Atmosphere-Aerosol-Boundary Layer-Cloud (A2BC) and Air chemistry Research In Asia (ARIAs) joint experiments to derive tropospheric vertical profiles of NO2, SO2, HONO, HCHO, CHOCHO and aerosols. Aerosol optical depths derived from MAX-DOAS were found to be consistent with collocated sun-photometer measurements. Also the derived near-surface aerosol extinction and HCHO mixing ratio agree well with coincident visibility meter and in situ HCHO measurements, with mean HCHO near-surface mixing ratios of ~ 3.5 ppb. Underestimates of MAX-DOAS results compared to in situ measurements of NO2 (~ 60 %), SO2 (~ 20 %) are found expectedly due to vertical and horizontal inhomogeneity of trace gases. Vertical profiles of aerosols and NO2, SO2 are reasonably consistent with those measured by a collocated Raman Lidar and aircraft spirals over the station. The deviations can be attributed to differences in sensitivity as a function of altitude and substantial horizontal gradients of pollutants. Aerosols, HCHO, and CHOCHO profiles typically extended to higher altitudes (with 75 % integrated column located below ~ 1.4 km) than did NO2, SO2, and HONO (with 75 % integrated column below ~ 0.5 km) under polluted condition. Lifted layers were systematically observed for all species, (except HONO), indicating accumulation, secondary formation, or long-range transport of the pollutants at higher altitudes. Maximum values routinely occurred in the morning for NO2, SO2, and HONO, but around noon for aerosols, HCHO, and CHOCHO, mainly dominated by photochemistry, characteristic upslope/downslope circulation and PBL dynamics. Significant day-to-day variations are found for all species due to the effect of regional transport and changes in synoptic pattern analysed with HYSPLIT trajectories. Low pollution was often observed for air masses from the north-west (behind cold fronts), and high pollution from the southern areas such as industrialized Wuan. The contribution of regional transport for the pollutants measured at the site during the observation period was estimated to be about 20 % to 30 % for trace gases, and about 50 % for aerosols. In addition, agricultural burning events impacted the day-to-day variations of HCHO, CHOCHO and aerosols.

Islamic Ceramics and Rural Economy in the Trapani Mountains during the 11th century

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-77
Author(s):  
Viva Sacco ◽  
Veronica Testolini ◽  
José Maria Martin Civantos ◽  
Peter M. Day
Keyword(s):  
Communities Of Practice ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Rural Site ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
North West ◽  
Consumption Choices ◽  
New Information ◽  
A Site ◽  
Economic Ties ◽  
Integrated Study

Located in the Trapani Mountains of North-West Sicily, the hilltop site of Pizzo Monaco hasformed the focus of systematic excavation and an innovative, integrated study of the totalceramic assemblage, as part of the MEMOLA FP7 project. The date, provenance and productiontechnology of the varied types of pottery are investigated by macroscopic, morphological anddecorative analysis, in combination with petrography and scanning electron microscopy in orderto assess social, technological and economic ties of this rural site and its environs with the earlyIslamic capital of Sicily at Palermo, the wider island and North Africa. Local production of cookingvessels is compared with glazed and plain storage pottery, serving and consumption vesselsfrom Palermo, in a region where the new relationship between coastal centre and nearby mountaineconomies was being forged. Correlation of the properties of the pottery assemblage withthe unusual architecture suggests the storage of a repeated ceramic set, perhaps on a householdbasis, in a site which may be a fortified storage facility, rather than sustaining more permanentoccupation. The typological study provides new information on the range of ceramics circulatingin Sicily during the mid-11th century CE, revealing the full spectrum of ceramics consumedat this time. This approach contrasts with work that privileges a view of simple transmissionof glazing technologies across the Islamic Mediterranean. Indeed a comparison of productionsequences in the crafting of similar glazed bowls at Palermo demonstrates the co-existence ofdifferent communities of practice and cautions against over-simplified reconstructions of thetransmission of glazing technologies in the early medieval Mediterranean. The range of potteryavailable from a variety of sources highlights the consumption choices made by these communitiesin the medieval period.

scholarly journals Imagining Englishness through contested English landscapes

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 835-848
Author(s):  
Julia Bennett
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Rural Site ◽  
Moral Vision ◽  
Imagined Community ◽  
North West ◽  
Working Landscapes ◽  
Local Identities ◽  
English Identity

This article adds to current debates on the nature of English identity through examining some of what Kathleen Stewart calls the ‘incommensurate qualities that … link complexly’ to create a certain feel of a place. Based on the premise that landscape and the story of the landscape, its history, are key elements of a national identity, the article explores the shaping of an imagined community of England through memory, forgetting and ‘official’ stories by using the examples of three specific but mundane places in north west England. One is urban ex-industrial, one a formerly industrial but rural site and one rural agricultural. These stories are unravelled to show how the landscapes are integrated ‘taskscapes’ where both national and local identities are performed. Class and race are hidden behind essentialised notions of Englishness. These exemplify a particular moral vision of English landscapes as natural and timeless countryside that serves to sideline urban and working landscapes and their populations. The article proposes treating a ‘taskscape’ as a gift to future generations, thus enabling all those who are a part of the present taskscape to belong.

Electron Microscopic Examination of a Transplantable Rat Mammary Carcinoma

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 20-21
Author(s):  
S. Shirahama ◽  
G. C. Engle ◽  
R. M. Dutcher
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Electron Microscopic Examination ◽  
Undifferentiated Carcinoma ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
North West ◽  
X Irradiation ◽  
Tissue Specimens

A transplantable carcinoma was established in North West Sprague Dawley (NWSD) rats by use of X-irradiation by Engle and Spencer. The tumor was passaged through 63 generations over a period of 32 months. The original tumor, an adenocarcinoma, changed into an undifferentiated carcinoma following the 19th transplant. The tumor grew well in NWSD rats of either sex at various ages. It was invariably fatal, causing death of the host within 15 to 35 days following transplantation.Tumor, thymus, spleen, and plasma from 7 rats receiving transplants of tumor at 3 to 9 weeks of age were examined with an electron microscope at intervals of 8, 15, 22 and 30 days after transplantation. Four normal control rats of the same age were also examined. The tissues were fixed in glutaraldehyde, postfixed in osmium tetroxide and embedded in Epon. The plasma was separated from heparanized blood and processed as previously described for the tissue specimens. Sections were stained with uranyl acetate followed by lead citrate and examined with an RCA EMU-3G electron microscope.

SEM and TEM observations of sperm development in the testis of the freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 58-59
Author(s):  
Daryl A. Cornish ◽  
George L. Smit
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Oreochromis Mossambicus ◽  
Breeding Cycle ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Sem And Tem ◽  
Sperm Development ◽  
Ultrastructural Characteristics ◽  
The University

Oreochromis mossambicus is currently receiving much attention as a candidater species for aquaculture programs within Southern Africa. This has stimulated interest in its breeding cycle as well as the morphological characteristics of the gonads. Limited information is available on SEM and TEM observations of the male gonads. It is known that the testis of O. mossambicus is a paired, intra-abdominal structure of the lobular type, although further details of its characteristics are not known. Current investigations have shown that spermatids reach full maturity some two months after the female becomes gravid. Throughout the year, the testes contain spermatids at various stages of development although spermiogenesis appears to be maximal during November when spawning occurs. This paper describes the morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of the testes and spermatids.Specimens of this fish were collected at Syferkuil Dam, 8 km north- west of the University of the North over a twelve month period, sacrificed and the testes excised.

The Clinical Spectrum of Anaphylaxis in North-West England

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 1364-1370 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. H. Pumphrey ◽  
S. J. Stanworth
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Spectrum ◽  
North West
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