The competitiveness of the phytosociological attributes of the protected areas in Bangladesh with that in the other tropical countries

Evaluation of the effectiveness of protected areas is critical for forest conservation policies and priorities. We used 30 m resolution forest cover change data from 1990 to 2010 for ~4000 protected areas to evaluate their effectiveness. Our results show that protected areas in the tropics avoided 83,500 ± 21,200 km2 of deforestation during the 2000s. Brazil’s protected areas have the largest amount of avoided deforestation at 50,000 km2. We also show the amount of international aid received by tropical countries compared to the effectiveness of protected areas. Thirty-four tropical countries received USD 42 billion during the 1990s and USD 62 billion during the 2000s in international aid for biodiversity conservation. The effectiveness of international aid was highest in Latin America, with 4.3 m2/USD, led by Brazil, while tropical Asian countries showed the lowest average effect of international aid, reaching only 0.17 m2/USD.

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The Interiority of Proximity Between Nature and Architecture in Contemporary and Tropically Context with Cases Studies

ARTEKS Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur ◽

10.30822/arteks.v3i2.63 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 129-144

Author(s):

Budi Pradono

Keyword(s):

Information Technology ◽

Case Studies ◽

Temperature Difference ◽

Air Conditioning ◽

The Other ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Tropical Countries ◽

Large Cities ◽

Tropical Climates ◽

The Relationship

The interiority of buildings in tropical countries requires specific characteristics unlike those in countries with four distinct seasons. Buildings in non-tropical climates must protect their inhabitants from extreme weather, meaning that the architecture’s connection with nature is necessarily limited by a boundary which can withstand extreme climatic differences. In tropical countries, on the other hand, the temperature does not fluctuate much throughout the year, so the temperature difference between seasons is not extreme. This characteristic is reflected in traditional Nusantara architecture, which incorporates a breathable wall so that free winds come in, reducing heat. The roof is tilted or saddled-shaped to keep rain water away from the building. The architecture uses organic materials and includes terraces for dialogue with nature. Modern Indonesian architecture, however, particularly in large cities, is mostly closed off, severely limiting the interaction with nature. Since the advent of air conditioning (AC) technology during the 1980’s, architecture has changed to seal the boundaries of the building. Advances in information technology such as Internet and smartphones have made for further changes to architecture in the area; some functional spaces are being discarded, while others are expanded. The relationship between architecture and nature is now constrained by impenetrable materials such as brick, concrete and glass, as opposed to the more traditional, permeable boundary. In contrast to this trend, modern Indonesian society is tempted to form a closer relationship with nature. This paper examines how a relationship between nature and the interior of buildings may be accommodated again, presenting some existing projects by several architects from Europe and Asian countries—including the authors’ own work—as case studies.

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Repenser Le Rôle Des Institutions De Conservation De La Nature À L’ère De La Globalisation En Afrique: À Propos Du Parc National De La Salonga (RDC)

European Scientific Journal ESJ ◽

10.19044/esj.2017.v13n11p92 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 92

Author(s):

Mampeta Wabasa Salomon

Keyword(s):

Protected Areas ◽

National Park ◽

Local Community ◽

Democratic Republic ◽

Central Africa ◽

The Other ◽

African Countries ◽

Republic Of The Congo ◽

Contemporary Management

In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the protectionist conservatism influenced by colonialism, which exploited African countries for the prosperity of the colonizing countries, still has a high visibility in the Salonga National Park (PNS). If, in theory, the Central Africans seem to free themselves from the colonial powers on their land, in practice they are still there. The hostility of settlers who have become neo-colonists to the development of Central Africa remains intact, he adds (Ndinga, 2003). This reflects a "logic from above" that has disregarded local values. Yet, in the era of sustainable development and globalization, African protected areas appear to be essential tools for States to reposition themselves in a complex set of actors with the aim of capturing and using the new environmental rent (Giraut, Guyot, & Houssay-Holzschuch, 2003). This is a "bottom-up logic", placing people at the heart of all activities and aiming to reorganize their long-term relationships with the environment. From these two logics, a third "logic from the other side" emerges, reflecting a collective awareness of the fragility of the planet. The restoration of the rights of Africans in the various national frameworks constitutes a major challenge for the contemporary management of African protected areas. Because the protected areas inherited from the different colonial systems must accompany the change in management methods and the redefinition of their functions in order to better serve the local community in the long-term.

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The valuation of elephant sightings in protected areas.

The elephant tourism business ◽

10.1079/9781789245868.0016 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 191-203

Author(s):

Andrea Saayman ◽

Melville Saayman

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Willingness To Pay ◽

Contingent Valuation ◽

Protected Areas ◽

National Parks ◽

Big Five ◽

The Other ◽

Relative Importance ◽

The Mean ◽

Preferred Species

Abstract The research presented in this chapter determines the value that tourists on safari in protected areas in South Africa attach to elephant sightings and the relative importance of the elephant sighting compared with the other species in the Big Five. The study also determines whether tourists take the increased poaching of elephants - also in South Africa - into account when revealing their choice. Using information from five surveys conducted at different parks in South Africa from 2011 to 2013 and again in 2019, the elephant was found to be the fourth preferred species in the Big Five. The exception is Addo Elephant National Park, where the elephants are the second most preferred species. To determine the value that tourists attached to a sighting, contingent valuation was used. Although approximately a quarter to a third of respondents indicated positive amounts for a sighting across the years, the mean willingness to pay (WTP) reflects the scarcity of the species. The elephant is relatively abundant in all the parks and, in many instances, much easier to spot than the leopard or lion. It is therefore not surprising that the mean valuation of a sighting is much lower than that of the leopard and lion throughout all the years. Although tougher economic conditions in the country also influence WTP, it was found that tourists to South Africa's National Parks do not yet take the increased poaching of elephants into account when revealing their choice, nor in their valuation.

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Distribution of the Green Network of Estonia

Forestry Studies / Metsanduslikud Uurimused ◽

10.2478/v10132-011-0090-x ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

pp. 66-74 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Janar Raet ◽

Kalev Sepp ◽

Are Kaasik ◽

Valdo Kuusemets ◽

Mart Külvik

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Protected Areas ◽

Environmental Conditions ◽

Natura 2000 ◽

The Other ◽

Landscape Diversity ◽

Ecological Network ◽

Natural Areas ◽

Diversity Strategy ◽

Thematic Plan

Distribution of the Green Network of Estonia Estonia has joined the Pan-European Biological and Landscape Diversity Strategy which obligates signatories to participate in developing the Pan-European Ecological Network. The plan "Environmental conditions for guiding settlement and land use" was initiated in all 15 counties of Estonia in 1999. One of the important subtopics of this plan is the "Green Network". The first thematic plans were validated in three counties in 2002. The last county to validate its Green Network thematic plan was Saare County in 2008. The Green Network of Estonia is supposed to complement the network of protected areas, combining them into a unified system of natural areas. One of the goals of the Estonian Green Network was to spatially incorporate the Natura 2000 sites as areas of European importance. Results demonstrated that in 10 of the 15 counties, this goal can be considered to have been achieved, as a minimum of 95% of the Natura 2000 sites within these counties have been incorporated into the Green Network. In three of the other counties about 90% have been incorporated, but in Võru and Valga counties, this percentage is much lower. In Võru, 75% of the Natura 2000 sites have been incorporated into the Green Network and in Valga only 60%. Therefore the revision of Green Network thematic plans should be considered in these counties.

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The Interiority of Proximity Between Nature and Architecture in Contemporary and Tropically Context with Cases Studies

10.31219/osf.io/wuxhs ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Arteks Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur

Keyword(s):

Information Technology ◽

Case Studies ◽

Temperature Difference ◽

Air Conditioning ◽

The Other ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Tropical Countries ◽

Large Cities ◽

Tropical Climates ◽

The Relationship

The interiority of buildings in tropical countries requires specific characteristics unlike those in countries with four distinct seasons. Buildings in non-tropical climates must protect their inhabitants from extreme weather, meaning that the architecture’s connection with nature is necessarily limited by a boundary which can withstand extreme climatic differences. In tropical countries, on the other hand, the temperature does not fluctuate much throughout the year, so the temperature difference between seasons is not extreme. This characteristic is reflected in traditional Nusantara architecture, which incorporates a breathable wall so that free winds come in, reducing heat. The roof is tilted or saddled-shaped to keep rain water away from the building. The architecture uses organic materials and includes terraces for dialogue with nature. Modern Indonesian architecture, however, particularly in large cities, is mostly closed off, severely limiting the interaction with nature. Since the advent of air conditioning (AC) technology during the 1980’s, architecture has changed to seal the boundaries of the building. Advances in information technology such as Internet and smartphones have made for further changes to architecture in the area; some functional spaces are being discarded, while others are expanded. The relationship between architecture and nature is now constrained by impenetrable materials such as brick, concrete and glass, as opposed to the more traditional, permeable boundary. In contrast to this trend, modern Indonesian society is tempted to form a closer relationship with nature. This paper examines how a relationship between nature and the interior of buildings may be accommodated again, presenting some existing projects by several architects from Europe and Asian countries—including the authors’ own work—as case studies.

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Ecotourism impact assessment on environment in protected areas of Serbia: A case study of Gornje Podunavlje Special nature Reserve

Geographica Pannonica ◽

10.5937/gp25-32288 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 157-167

Author(s):

Vladimir Stojanović ◽

Maja Mijatov ◽

Jelena Dunjić ◽

Lazar Lazić ◽

Aleksandra Dragin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Impact Assessment ◽

Protected Areas ◽

Nature Reserve ◽

Management Plan ◽

The Other ◽

Nature Protection ◽

Visitor Management ◽

General Projection ◽

Educational Paths

Ecotourism is a nature-based type of tourism, especially represented within protected areas. No matter the fact, just like the other selective types of this sector, ecotourism might affect the environment. In a process of writing the Visitor Management Plan in the Gornje Podunavlje Special Nature Reserve (SNR) in 2019, one part of the study was related to general projection of the ecotourism development impact on eco-educational paths within this SNR. The research was conducted throughout November 2019, in the form of interviews. The sample obtained 12 experts for nature protection, who stated their attitudes on three important topics: tourism in protected areas in general, tourism in the Gornje Podunavlje SNR and ecotourism within three concrete sites: Karapandža, Štrbac and Bestrement.

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Protected areas: how will they contribute to third millennium challenges?

Policy Quarterly ◽

10.26686/pq.v12i1.4578 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Valentina Dinica

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Protected Areas ◽

Protected Area ◽

Biological Diversity ◽

Sustainable Use ◽

The Other ◽

Convention On Biological Diversity ◽

Wilderness Areas ◽

Clean Air ◽

Area Classification

Biodiversity is valued for its intrinsic worth and for its role in generating ecosystem services, such as soil fertility, clean air, renewable bio-resources, and water quality and availability. While biodiversity outcomes are generally pursued by nations for land in various types of ownership, this article focuses on protected areas on publicly owned lands. Currently, the internationally agreed protected area classification used by the United Nation’s Convention on Biological Diversity differentiates them in terms of nature conservation objectives and ‘compatible’ human uses. This suggests that protected areas can be arranged along a spectrum of protection stringency, from reserves and wilderness areas at one end, to so-called ‘sustainable use lands’ at the other.

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Phidon chanco sp. nov. of cockroach from the coastal forest of central Chile (Insecta: Blattaria)

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.4712.1.8 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4712 (1) ◽

pp. 114-126

Author(s):

ALEJANDRO VERA S.

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

Protected Areas ◽

The Other ◽

Female Genitalia ◽

Coastal Forest ◽

Coastal Forests ◽

Central Chile ◽

Male And Female ◽

Native Flora ◽

Median Triangle

Phidon chanco sp. nov. is the first species of the genus where both sexes are described Male and female genitalia are described and illustrated using SEM. The new species can be distinguished from the other members of the genus, by the existence of brachypterism in both sexes; in males the median triangle of the sternum IX is long, sclerotised, and its apex strongly armed with numerous denticles; in females the tergite X is emarginate. The new species is distributed exclusively in the coastal forests of central Chile, in association with remnants of native flora and protected areas.

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Biodiversity Trends Associated with SEA and EIA Practices

Transactional Environmental Support System Design ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-2824-3.ch008 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 134-153

Author(s):

Pedro Beja ◽

Julie A. Ewald ◽

Robert Kenward

Keyword(s):

Ecosystem Services ◽

Land Cover ◽

Protected Areas ◽

Economic Activity ◽

Local Level ◽

Conservation Status ◽

Species Conservation ◽

The Other ◽

Small Populations ◽

Process Variables

This chapter compares trends in policies on land uses and economic activity to trends in ecosystem services and biodiversity in cultivated areas as well as in protected areas, using a database defined in Chapter 6. The analysis revealed associations between capacity, priority, and process variables on one hand, and impact variables on the other. For the TESS project, the most important analyses involved the number of EIAs and SEAs. There were relatively more of these in countries where local administrations consulted most with NGOs, were responsible for relatively small populations and perceived nature most positively. Except for consultation, the processes used when conducting assessments and monitoring their results did not positively affect the number of assessments, the environmental and social impacts investigated, or the numbers of those using the resources. Additional analysis indicated interesting relationships with conversion to artificial land-cover, positivity to nature indices, knowing the term “biodiversity,” species conservation status, consultation at local level with NGOs, and the proportion of a country’s population that was hunters or anglers.

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