U.S. Arts and Cultural Diplomacy: Post-Cold War Decline and the Twenty-First Century Debate

This chapter focuses on the social aspects of strategy, arguing for the importance of relationships in strategy and, in particular, in understanding of deterrence. Deterrence, in its essence, is predicated upon a social relationship – the one deterring and the one to be deterred. Alliance and cooperation are important in generating the means for actively managing international security. Following Freedman’s work on deterrence in the post-Cold War context, ever greater interaction and interdependence might instill a stronger sense of international community, in which more traditional and ‘relatively primitive’ notions of deterrence can be developed. However, this strategic aspiration relies on international, especially transatlantic, social cohesion, a property that weakened in the twenty-first century, triggering new threats from new kinds of opponent. The need for a sophisticated and social strategy for managing international security is made all the more necessary.

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Introduction

10.1093/oso/9780198777939.003.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Alex J. Bellamy

Keyword(s):

Cold War ◽

East Asia ◽

First Century ◽

The Past ◽

Twenty First Century ◽

The Cold War

Until recently, East Asia was a boiling pot of massacre and blood-letting. Yet, almost unnoticed by the wider world, it has achieved relative peace over the past three decades.1 At the height of the Cold War, East Asia accounted for around 80 percent of the world’s mass atrocities. By the second decade of the twenty-first century, it accounted for less than 5 percent....

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Italy

10.1093/oso/9780198790501.003.0006 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Fabrizio Coticchia

Keyword(s):

Cold War ◽

Literature Review ◽

Turning Point ◽

Armed Forces ◽

First Century ◽

Military Interventions ◽

Post Cold War ◽

Secondary Sources ◽

The World ◽

The Cold War

Since the end of the bipolar era, Italy has regularly undertaken military interventions around the world, with an average of 8,000 units employed abroad in the twenty-first century. Moreover, Italy is one of the principal contributors to the UN operations. The end of the cold war represented a turning point for Italian defence, allowing for greater military dynamism. Several reforms have been approved, while public opinion changed its view regarding the armed forces. This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive perspective of the process of transformation that occurred in post-cold-war Italian defence, looking at the evolution of national strategies, military doctrines, and the structure of forces. After a brief literature review, the study highlights the process of transformation of Italian defeshnce policy since 1989. Through primary and secondary sources, the chapter illustrates the main changes that occurred, the never-ending cold-war legacies, and key challenges.

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Temporal Emotions and Historical Vulnerability: Music as a Vehicle of Ideology in Cold War and Peste Noire

Emotions History Culture Society ◽

10.1163/2208522x-02010115 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 87-102

Author(s):

Louise D’Arcens

Keyword(s):

Cold War ◽

Middle Ages ◽

White Supremacy ◽

First Century ◽

White People ◽

Black Metal ◽

Ideological Differences ◽

Twenty First Century ◽

The Relationship

Abstract This essay focuses on the Polish film Cold War and the oeuvre of the French nationalist black metal band Peste Noire, examining them as twenty-first-century texts that disclose music’s capacity to solicit emotion in the service of ideology. Despite their aesthetic and ideological differences, each text demonstrates the importance of temporal emotions – that is, emotions that register a heightened sense of the relationship between present, past and future. Each text portrays these emotions’ ideological significance when attached to ideas of a national past. Dwelling on Peste Noire’s racist-nationalist use of the medieval past, the essay explores music as a medium for emotional performances in which white people appear to convey vulnerability while actually reconfirming white supremacy. Peste Noire’s idiosyncratic performance of aggressive vulnerability is a temporal emotion that self-consciously lays claim to a long emotional tradition reaching back to the French Middle Ages.

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Revisiting the Cold War through Twenty-First Century Museums of Memory of the Americas

Seeking Meaning, Seeking Justice in a Post-Cold War World ◽

10.1163/9789004361676_012 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 210-227

Keyword(s):

Cold War ◽

First Century ◽

Twenty First Century ◽

The Cold War

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Conclusion

After Lavinia ◽

10.7591/cornell/9781501707575.003.0008 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

John Watkins

Keyword(s):

Foreign Policy ◽

Cold War ◽

International Relations ◽

First Century ◽

European Countries ◽

The West ◽

Post Cold War ◽

Northern European ◽

Global Peace ◽

Legal Rationality

This concluding chapter reflects on marriage in the contemporary West, noting that it has become an affective arrangement. In Britain and the northern European countries that still retain a constitutional form of monarchy, twenty-first-century royalty now prefer their own subjects as marriage partners, even if it means marrying a commoner like Kate Middleton. To the extent that these marriages to indigenous commoners have any bearing on foreign policy, they reaffirm the nationalist sentiments of the post-Westphalian state. The chapter argues that, despite all the legal rationality, global peace remains as elusive now as it was when Europeans tried to settle their quarrels through interdynastic marriage. It suggests that the opposition between the West and its post-Cold War enemies has brought the matter of gender and the place of women once more to the center of international relations.

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