Post-Tiananmen Chinese Liberal Intellectuals’ Political Uses of Confucian Tradition and Chinese History

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Gengsong Gao
Keyword(s):  
Confucian Tradition ◽  
Chinese History

Chinese Intellectuals and the Western Impact, 1838–1900

1958 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-37
Author(s):  
Earl Swisher
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Confucian Tradition ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
Chinese Scholar ◽  
Chinese Intellectuals ◽  
First Time

The Chinese scholar-official had long constituted a special type of iron-clad intelligentsia, firmly based on the Confucian tradition and accustomed to rule China with unchallenged authority. This tradition was threatened for the first time in 1838 with the outbreak of the “Opium” or First Anglo-Chinese War. Outwardly, this was a simple military defeat by a “barbarian” force on one frontier of China, remote from the capital and court at Peking. As such it was nothing new in Chinese history. Hsiung-nu, Toba Tartars, Mongols and Manchus had threatened and overrun Chinese borders through the centuries. To most articulate Chinese both this and successive assaults on China through the nineteenth century, were adequately explained by the traditional and reassuring formula.

Under Confucian Eyes: Writings on Gender in Chinese History. Edited by Susan Mann and Yu-Yin Cheng. [Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 2001. 310 pp. $19.95; £13.95. ISBN 0-620-22276-8.]

2003 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 214-251
Author(s):  
Harriet Evans
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Gender Relations ◽  
University Of California ◽  
Confucian Tradition ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
Women And Gender ◽  
Critical Questions ◽  
Complex Fluid ◽  
And Gender

Recent Western research on women and gender in Chinese history has raised critical questions about many of the familiar narratives of China's Confucian tradition. This research – much of it the work of contributors to this volume – has produced perspectives on gender relations that are at once more complex, fluid and historically plausible than the standard assumptions of Confucian discourse would suggest.

Rural China in the Song

1980 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Golas
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Confucian Tradition ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
General Acceptance ◽  
The World ◽  
Standing Army

That the late Tang and Song form a watershed in Chinese history is an idea that needs no introduction in these pages. It has won the general acceptance of scholars of the most varying historical (and political) persuasions. New political institutions, including a sophisticated bureaucracy staffed by officials chosen for their ability; a proliferation of cities and towns, as well as the markets to support them; the largest standing army seen anywhere in the world to that time; a brilliant reformulation of the Confucian tradition with profound effects not only on the elite but on the population at large: the magnitude of these and other changes is undeniable.

To Reform China: Naitō Konan's Formative Years in the Meiji Press

1982 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-395
Author(s):  
Joshua A. Fogel
Keyword(s):  
Early Education ◽  
Confucian Tradition ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past ◽  
Chinese Studies ◽  
China And Japan ◽  
Contemporary Chinese ◽  
Formative Years

In the early decades of this century, Naitō Konan (1866–1934) became Japan's leading authority on Chinese history and contemporary Chinese affairs. His early education in Kangaku (Chinese studies) had emphasized the Neo-Confucian tradition of jitsugaku or the practical application of learning, a broad trend in Japan then and one subscribed to by Naitō's family. Thus, before his arrival in Tokyo in late 1887, Naitō was already deeply concerned with China. He also possessed a kind of Kangaku assumption that China and Japan were linked culturally, and by extension their contemporary fates before the West were linked. The jitsugaku underpinning to Naitō's thought spurred him to seek out solutions for China's ills (and Japan's) on the basis of his knowledge of the past.

4. Variety within early Confucianism

2014 ◽  
pp. 48-69
Author(s):  
Daniel K. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Confucian Tradition ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
Intellectual Tradition ◽  
Moral Perfection ◽  
Cultivation Process

‘Variety within early Confucianism’ considers two very different, early interpretations of the Confucian tradition that have influenced education, social practices, and intellectual tradition throughout imperial Chinese history: that of Mencius (fourth c.bce) and of Xunzi (third c.bce). Both followers of Confucius agree that: (1) man is morally perfectible; and (2) to achieve moral perfection man must undertake a self-cultivation process. But for Mencius, the source of man's moral potential is internal, found in man's nature itself; for Xunzi, man's nature is evil and he must look externally to his environment and culture to find moral resources to redirect his recalcitrant human nature.

Rereading Klein’s “Some reflections on ‘The Oresteia’ ”—the evolution of the mother–daughter relationship in four generations of Chinese women

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-59
Author(s):  
Xu Jianqin
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Chinese Women ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
Developmental Context ◽  
Child Relationship ◽  
Mother Daughter Relationship ◽  
Foot Binding ◽  
Mother Child Relationship ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
Opening Up

This article analyses the evolution of the mother–daughter relationship in China, and describes the mothering characteristics of four generations of women, which in sequence includes “foot-binding mothers”, “mothers after liberation”, “mothers after reform and opening up”, and “mothers who were only daughters”. Referring to Klein’s ideas about the mother–child relationship, especially those in her paper “Some reflections on ‘The Oresteia’ ”, the author tries to understand mothers and their impact on their daughters in these various periods of Chinese history, so as to explore the mutual influence of the mother–daughter relationship in particular, and the Chinese cultural and developmental context in general.

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