Measurement of atmospheric pollutants associated with oil and natural gas exploration and production activity in Pennsylvania’s Allegheny National Forest

Since 2007, shale oil and gas production in the United States has become a significant portion of the global fossil fuel market. The main cause for the increase in production of shale oil and gas in the US is the adoption of new production technologies, namely, horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. However, the production cost of shale oil and gas in the US is comparably higher than the production cost of conventional oil and gas. In 2014, the crude oil and natural gas price decreased significantly to approximately 40 dollars per barrel, and natural gas prices decreased to 3 dollars per million British thermal unit, and thus the productivity and financial conditions for the exploration and production of shale oil and natural gas for producers in the United States have worsened critically. Therefore, technological innovation has become one of the most interesting issues of the energy industry. The present study analyzes the trends in technological innovation having a relationship with production activities. This study calculates the learning rate of 30 companies from the petroleum exploration and production industry in the United States using an improved learning rate calculation formula that reflects the changes in the oil production ratio. Thus, more statistically confident calculation results and interpretations of strategic production activities with regard to changes in the industrial environment were achieved in this study.

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Migration of He gases and origin of CH4 gases in deep formations from exploration and production wells of oil and natural gas.

Journal of the Japanese Association for Petroleum Technology ◽

10.3720/japt.62.80 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

pp. 80-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Itsuro Kita ◽

Hideo Takizawa ◽

Hidenao Hasegawa ◽

Ryuichi Arayashiki ◽

Keisuke Nagao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Production Wells ◽

Exploration And Production ◽

Oil And Natural Gas

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Oil and Gas Industry Financing

Alberta Law Review ◽

10.29173/alr558 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 465

Author(s):

C. A. Rae

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Crude Oil ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Oil And Gas Industry ◽

Gas Industry ◽

Oil And Gas Exploration ◽

Exploration And Production ◽

Oil And Natural Gas ◽

The Common ◽

Marketing Operations

The demand for crude oil and natural gas is constantly increasing. To keep up with this demand the oil and gas industry must spend vast sums of. money· to find new petroleum deposits to replenish the depleted reserves. Conventional financing techniques are used to finance the transportation, refining and marketing operations of the oil and gas industry, but the financing of oil and gas exploration and production requires special techniques. This paper discusses the common methods of financing the production end of the Canadian oil and gas industry.

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Conteúdo Local nos contratos de exploração e produção de petróleo e gás natural

Revista de Direito Administrativo ◽

10.12660/rda.v278.2019.80830 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 278 (3) ◽

pp. 45

Author(s):

Alexandre Santos de Aragão

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Local Content ◽

Production Contracts ◽

Legal Nature ◽

Exploration And Production ◽

Oil And Natural Gas ◽

Private Contractor

Local Content in oil and natural gas exploration and production contracts O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a exigência de contratação em percentuais mínimos de fornecedores brasileiros advinda das cláusulas de Conteúdo Local nos contratos de exploração e produção de petróleo e gás natural. Para tanto, examina-se em que consistem as obrigações de Conteúdo Local, bem como sua natureza jurídica. Em seguida, o artigo investiga os casos em que as cláusulas de Conteúdo Local se mostram ineficazes e o cumprimento dos percentuais ofertados quando da apresentação das respectivas propostas se afigura inexigível, destacando sempre que a existência da obrigação imposta pelas cláusulas de Conteúdo Local é condicionada à verificação concreta do seu suporte fático. Finalmente, o trabalho se debruça sobre a possibilidade de aplicação de sanções ao particular contratante nos casos em que a incidência das cláusulas de Conteúdo Local resta afastada. This article aims to analyze the requirement of contracting minimum percentages from Brazilian suppliers arising from the Local Content clauses in oil and natural gas exploration and production contracts. To this end, the paper examines what constitutes the Local Content obligations, as well as their legal nature. The article then goes on to investigate cases in which Local Content clauses are ineffective and when compliance with the percentages offered when proposals were submitted looks unenforceable, emphasizing that the existence of the obligation imposed by the Local Content clauses is conditional on effective verification. Finally, the work focuses on the possibility of applying sanctions to the private contractor in cases of non-compliance.

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Understanding high wintertime ozone pollution events in an oil- and natural gas-producing region of the western US

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-15-411-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 411-429 ◽

Cited By ~ 82

Author(s):

R. Ahmadov ◽

S. McKeen ◽

M. Trainer ◽

R. Banta ◽

A. Brewer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Natural Gas ◽

Emission Scenario ◽

Climate Impacts ◽

Atmospheric Pollutants ◽

Cold Pool ◽

Top Down ◽

Bottom Up ◽

Western Us ◽

Oil And Natural Gas

Abstract. Recent increases in oil and natural gas (NG) production throughout the western US have come with scientific and public interest in emission rates, air quality and climate impacts related to this industry. This study uses a regional-scale air quality model (WRF-Chem) to simulate high ozone (O3) episodes during the winter of 2013 over the Uinta Basin (UB) in northeastern Utah, which is densely populated by thousands of oil and NG wells. The high-resolution meteorological simulations are able qualitatively to reproduce the wintertime cold pool conditions that occurred in 2013, allowing the model to reproduce the observed multi-day buildup of atmospheric pollutants and the accompanying rapid photochemical ozone formation in the UB. Two different emission scenarios for the oil and NG sector were employed in this study. The first emission scenario (bottom-up) was based on the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Emission Inventory (NEI) (2011, version 1) for the oil and NG sector for the UB. The second emission scenario (top-down) was based on estimates of methane (CH4) emissions derived from in situ aircraft measurements and a regression analysis for multiple species relative to CH4 concentration measurements in the UB. Evaluation of the model results shows greater underestimates of CH4 and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the simulation with the NEI-2011 inventory than in the case when the top-down emission scenario was used. Unlike VOCs, the NEI-2011 inventory significantly overestimates the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), while the top-down emission scenario results in a moderate negative bias. The model simulation using the top-down emission case captures the buildup and afternoon peaks observed during high O3 episodes. In contrast, the simulation using the bottom-up inventory is not able to reproduce any of the observed high O3 concentrations in the UB. Simple emission reduction scenarios show that O3 production is VOC sensitive and NOx insensitive within the UB. The model results show a disproportionate contribution of aromatic VOCs to O3 formation relative to all other VOC emissions. The model analysis reveals that the major factors driving high wintertime O3 in the UB are shallow boundary layers with light winds, high emissions of VOCs from oil and NG operations compared to NOx emissions, enhancement of photolysis fluxes and reduction of O3 loss from deposition due to snow cover.

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