scholarly journals Investigating survivorship bias: the case of the 1918 flu pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Joël Floris ◽  
Laurent Kaiser ◽  
Harald Mayr ◽  
Kaspar Staub ◽  
Ulrich Woitek
Keyword(s):  
Survivorship Bias

scholarly journals Lineage EM Algorithm for Inferring Latent States from Cellular Lineage Trees

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
So Nakashima ◽  
Yuki Sughiyama ◽  
Tetsuya J. Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Em Algorithm ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Estimation Algorithm ◽  
Bet Hedging ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Survivorship Bias ◽  
Survivor Bias ◽  
Lineage Trees ◽  
Statistical Estimations

Phenotypic variability in a population of cells can work as the bet-hedging of the cells under an unpredictably changing environment, the typical example of which is the bacterial persistence. To understand the strategy to control such phenomena, it is indispensable to identify the phenotype of each cell and its inheritance. Although recent advancements in microfluidic technology offer us useful lineage data, they are insufficient to directly identify the phenotypes of the cells. An alternative approach is to infer the phenotype from the lineage data by latent-variable estimation. To this end, however, we must resolve the bias problem in the inference from lineage called survivorship bias. In this work, we clarify how the survivor bias distorts statistical estimations. We then propose a latent-variable estimation algorithm without the survivorship bias from lineage trees based on an expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm, which we call Lineage EM algorithm (LEM). LEM provides a statistical method to identify the traits of the cells applicable to various kinds of lineage data.

The impact of relative CEO compensation on not-for-profit contributions

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacey Kaden ◽  
Gary Peters ◽  
Juan Manuel Sanchez ◽  
Gary M. Fleischman
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Ceo Compensation ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Content Type ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Not For Profit ◽  
Survivorship Bias ◽  
Excess Cash ◽  
The Impact ◽  
A Current

PurposeThe authors extend research suggesting that external funders reduce their contributions to not-for-profit (NFP) organizations in response to media-reported CEO compensation levels.Design/methodology/approachEmploying a maximum archival sample of 44,807 observations from US Form 990s, the authors comprehensively assess the extent that high relative NFP CEO compensation is associated with decreases in future contributions.FindingsThe authors find that donors and grantors react negatively to high relative CEO compensation but do not react adversely to high absolute executive compensation. Contributors seem to take issue with CEO compensation when they perceive it absorbs a relatively large portion of the organizations’ total expenses, which may hinder the NFP’s mission. Additional findings suggest that excess cash held by the NFP significantly exacerbates the negative baseline relationship between future contributions and high relative CEO compensation. Finally, both individual donors and professional grantors are sensitive to cash NFP CEO compensation levels, but grantors are more sensitive to CEO noncash compensation.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors’ data are focused on larger NFP organizations, so this limits the generalizability of the study. Furthermore, survivorship bias potentially influences their time-series investigations because a current year large-scale decrease in funding due to high relative CEO compensation may cause some NFP firms to drop out of the sample the following year due to significant funding reductions.Originality/valueThe study makes three noteworthy contributions to the literature. First, the study documents that the negative association between high relative CEO compensation levels and future donor and grantor contributions is much more widespread than previous literature suggested. Second, the authors document that high relative CEO compensation levels that trigger reductions in future contributions are significantly exacerbated by excess cash held by the NFP. Finally, the authors find that more sophisticated grantors are more sensitive to noncash CEO compensation levels as compared with donors.

Survivorship Bias

1993 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 52-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.B. Garcia ◽  
F.J. Gould
Keyword(s):  
Survivorship Bias

Survivorship Bias after Military Thoracic Injuries

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (12) ◽  
pp. 2826-2827
Author(s):  
Calvin S. H. Ng ◽  
Anthony M. H. Ho ◽  
Malcolm J. Underwood ◽  
Tim R. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Thoracic Injuries ◽  
Survivorship Bias

Plate Tectonics and the Archean Earth

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 291-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Brown ◽  
Tim Johnson ◽  
Nicholas J. Gardiner
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Modeling ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Critical Condition ◽  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Secular Evolution ◽  
Geochemical Proxies ◽  
Survivorship Bias ◽  
Mantle Temperature

If we accept that a critical condition for plate tectonics is the creation and maintenance of a global network of narrow boundaries separating multiple plates, then to argue for plate tectonics during the Archean requires more than a local record of subduction. A case is made for plate tectonics back to the early Paleoproterozoic, when a cycle of breakup and collision led to formation of the supercontinent Columbia, and bimodal metamorphism is registered globally. Before this, less preserved crust and survivorship bias become greater concerns, and the geological record may yield only a lower limit on the emergence of plate tectonics. Higher mantle temperature in the Archean precluded or limited stable subduction, requiring a transition to plate tectonics from another tectonic mode. This transition is recorded by changes in geochemical proxies and interpreted based on numerical modeling. Improved understanding of the secular evolution of temperature and water in the mantle is a key target for future research. ▪  Higher mantle temperature in the Archean precluded or limited stable subduction, requiring a transition to plate tectonics from another tectonic mode. ▪  Plate tectonics can be demonstrated on Earth since the early Paleoproterozoic (since c. 2.2 Ga), but before the Proterozoic Earth's tectonic mode remains ambiguous. ▪  The Mesoarchean to early Paleoproterozoic (3.2–2.3 Ga) represents a period of transition from an early tectonic mode (stagnant or sluggish lid) to plate tectonics. ▪  The development of a global network of narrow boundaries separating multiple plates could have been kick-started by plume-induced subduction.

Reverse Survivorship Bias

2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 789-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
JUHANI T. LINNAINMAA
Keyword(s):  
Survivorship Bias

scholarly journals Rule Britannia! British Stock Market Returns, 1825-1870

2009 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 1107-1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graeme G. Acheson ◽  
Charles R. Hickson ◽  
John D. Turner ◽  
Qing Ye
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Equity Returns ◽  
British History ◽  
Market Returns ◽  
Stock Market Returns ◽  
Survivorship Bias ◽  
Real Returns ◽  
Modern Era

This article presents a new series of monthly equity returns for the British stock market for the period 1825-1870. In addition to calculating capital appreciation and dividend yields, the article also estimates the effect of survivorship bias on returns. Three notable findings emerge from this study. First, stock market returns in the 1825-1870 period are broadly similar for Britain and the United States, although the British market is less risky. Second, real returns in the 1825-1870 period are higher than in subsequent epochs of British history. Third, unlike the modern era, dividends are the most important component of returns.

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