Improved Local Implementation under Central Inspection? Evidence from Social Mandates in China

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Yi Ma
Keyword(s):  
Local Implementation

National Planning and Local Technology Zones: Experimental Governance in China's Torch Programme

2013 ◽  
Vol 216 ◽  
pp. 896-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Heilmann ◽  
Lea Shih ◽  
Andreas Hofem
Keyword(s):  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
High Technology ◽  
Top Down ◽  
National Programme ◽  
Local Implementation ◽  
National Planning ◽  
Innovative Potential ◽  
Organizational Patterns ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractMany studies raise doubts about the effectiveness of the institutions, programmes and instruments that shape the Chinese national innovation system. This article scrutinizes central–local interactions in the national Torch Programme that has governed a large group of high-technology zones since 1988. The Torch Programme's procedural practices challenge widely shared assumptions about the dirigiste character of Chinese innovation policy. It combines centralized definition of programme objectives with extensive local implementation experiments. As three case studies demonstrate, bottom-up policy innovations are effectively fed back into national programme adjustments and into horizontal policy diffusion. The array of organizational patterns and promotional instruments that emerges from competitive “experimentation under the shadow of hierarchy” (ESH) goes way beyond what could have been initiated from top down. We hypothesize that the procedural strengths displayed in the Torch Programme may provide better indicators of future innovative potential in China's high-technology zones than retrospective statistical indices and benchmarks that are derived from OECD experience.

Carrots and Sticks: Compliance Provisions in State Competitive Food Laws-Examples for State and Local Implementation of the Updated USDA Standards

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (7) ◽  
pp. 466-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille K. Gourdet ◽  
Jamie F. Chriqui ◽  
Elizabeth Piekarz ◽  
Quang Dang ◽  
Frank J. Chaloupka
Keyword(s):  
Local Implementation ◽  
State And Local

scholarly journals Repeated nationwide point-prevalence surveys of antimicrobial use in Swedish hospitals: data for actions 2003–2010

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (25) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunilla Skoog ◽  
Johan Struwe ◽  
Otto Cars ◽  
Håkan Hanberger ◽  
Inga Odenholt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Point Prevalence ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Surgical Prophylaxis ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infection ◽  
Local Implementation ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Local Feedback ◽  
Uncomplicated Cystitis ◽  
Hospital Acquired

This study sought to analyse antimicrobial pressure, indications for treatment, and compliance with treatment recommendations and to identify possible problem areas where inappropriate use could be improved through interventions by the network of the local Swedish Strategic Programme Against Antibiotic Resistance (Strama) groups. Five point-prevalence surveys were performed in between 49 and 72 participating hospitals from 2003 to 2010. Treatments were recorded for 19 predefined diagnosis groups and whether they were for community-acquired infection, hospital-acquired infection, or prophylaxis. Approximately one-third of inpatients were treated with antimicrobials. Compliance with guidelines for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia with narrow-spectrum penicillin was 17.0% during baseline 2003–2004, and significantly improved to 24.2% in 2010. Corresponding figures for quinolone use in uncomplicated cystitis in women were 28.5% in 2003–2004, and significantly improved, decreasing to 15.3% in 2010. The length of surgical prophylaxis improved significantly when data for a single dose and 1 day were combined, from 56.3% in 2003–2004 to 66.6% in 2010. Improved compliance was possibly the effect of active local feedback, repeated surveys, and increasing awareness of antimicrobial resistance. Strama groups are important for successful local implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programs in Sweden.

The WPA and the (Short-Lived) Triumph of Nativism

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cybelle Fox
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
New Deal ◽  
Mexican Americans ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Works Progress Administration ◽  
Emergency Relief ◽  
Illegal Aliens ◽  
Local Implementation ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Welfare State

This chapter discusses the subsequent battle over citizenship and legal status restrictions in the Works Progress Administration (WPA), and the local implementation of those restrictions. When the WPA was first authorized in 1935, there were no citizenship or legal status restrictions for access to the program. Just as with Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), New Deal officials expressly forbade local WPA administrators from discriminating on the basis of race, color, religion, or non-citizenship. Because of these non-discrimination provisions, blacks and Mexican Americans gained unprecedented access to WPA employment. Over time, however, Congress imposed successively harsher restrictions against aliens, barring the employment of illegal aliens on WPA projects in 1936 and imposing a full ban for legal non-citizens by 1939. While these citizenship restrictions constituted the greatest challenge to aliens' access to the welfare state during this period, its impact was short-lived and its effects fell disproportionately on Mexican non-citizens.

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