scholarly journals Immunology and Genetic of Preeclampsia

2006 ◽  
Vol 13 (2-4) ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norma C. Serrano
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Fetal Death ◽  
Preventive Strategies ◽  
Angiogenic Growth Factors ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Maternal Circulation ◽  
Familial Predisposition ◽  
The Third

Preeclampsia is a disease characterized by hypertension and proteinuria in the third trimester of pregnancy. Preeclampsia is a major cause of maternal mortality, and fetal death, especially in developing countries, but its aetiology remains unclear. Key findings support a causal role of superficial placentation driven by immune mal maladaptation, which then lead to reduced concentrations of angiogenic growth factors and to an increase in placental debris in the maternal circulation resulting in a maternal inflammatory response. Epidemiological research has consistently demonstrated a substantial familial predisposition to preeclampsia. Unfortunately, the conquest of the genes explaining such a individual susceptibility has been proved to be a hard task. However, genetics will also inform us about causality of environmental factors, and then serve as a tool to prioritize therapeutic targets for preventive strategies.

Deoxyribonuclease activity negative correlates with extracellular DNA in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies in the third trimester

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbora Vlková ◽  
Ľubica Janovičová ◽  
Petra Pšenková ◽  
Lívia Melníková ◽  
Barbora Balažovjechová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Complications ◽  
Extracellular Dna ◽  
Dnase Activity ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
The Third ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Mitochondrial Origin ◽  
Singleton Pregnancies

Abstract Objectives It is not clear, which factors affect extracellular DNA (ecDNA) concentrations in healthy women with singleton uncomplicated pregnancies, although deoxyribonucleases (DNases) are hypothesized to be responsible for the cleavage of plasma ecDNA. The aim of this study was to analyze potential determinants of total ecDNA including plasma DNase activity. Methods Plasma samples were collected from 48 healthy women with singleton uncomplicated pregnancies in the third trimester (gestation week 37). DNA was isolated and quantified using fluorometry and real time PCR. DNase activity was assessed using the single radial enzyme-diffusion method. Results Neither ecDNA, nor DNase activity were affected by maternal age or BMI. DNase activity negatively correlated with total plasma ecDNA (r=−0.40, p=0.007). Similar associations were found for ecDNA of nuclear and mitochondrial origin, but not with fetal DNA quantified using Y-targeted PCR in male fetus-bearing pregnancies. Conclusions The role of plasma ecDNA of fetal and maternal origin is studied in the pathogenesis of pregnancy-complications. The results indicate that plasma DNase activity could negatively regulate ecDNA concentrations and should, thus, be analyzed in preeclampsia, preterm birth and other ecDNA-related pregnancy complications.

3. Institutional Perspectives

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lise Rakner ◽  
Vicky Randall
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Informal Institutions ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sociological Institutionalism ◽  
The Third ◽  
Rational Choice Institutionalism ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Electoral Quotas

This chapter examines the role of institutions and how institutionalism is applied in the analysis of politics in the developing world. It begins with a discussion of three main strands of institutionalism: sociological institutionalism, rational choice institutionalism, and historical institutionalism. It then considers political institutions in developing countries as well as the interrelationship between formal and informal institutions. Three cases are presented: the case from sub-Saharan Africa illustrates the salience of neo-patrimonial politics and competing informal and formal institutions, the second case relates to campaign clientelism in Peru and the third is concerned with electoral quotas in India. The chapter concludes by addressing the question of the extent to which the new institutionalism is an appropriate tool of analysis for developing countries.

Role of angiogenic growth factors in transplant coronary artery disease

2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 184-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Lemström ◽  
Antti Nykänen ◽  
Jussi Tikkanen ◽  
Rainer Krebs ◽  
Roope Sihvola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Angiogenic Growth Factors ◽  
Artery Disease

scholarly journals Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis: Molecular and Cellular Controls

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Kubis ◽  
B.I. Levy
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Endothelial Cell Migration ◽  
Angiogenic Growth Factors ◽  
Blood Vessel Formation ◽  
Vasculogenesis And Angiogenesis ◽  
Cell Migration And Proliferation ◽  
Extracellular Proteolysis ◽  
Coagulation And Fibrinolysis

Angiogenesis, defined as a new blood vessel formation from a pre-existing vessel, is initiated by angiogenic growth factors and their receptors that induce endothelial cell migration and proliferation. Extracellular proteolysis is essential for deassembly and reassembly of endothelial cells to their environmental matrix. The aim of this review is to update data on the role of the coagulation and fibrinolysis system, metalloproteinases and adhesion molecules during this step of angiogenesis.

THE ROLE OF ESTRADIOL IN THE SUSTENTATION OF FETOPLACENTAL SYSTEM

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (61) ◽  
pp. 75-79
Author(s):  
Андриевская ◽  
Irina Andrievskaya ◽  
Луценко ◽  
Mikhail Lutsenko ◽  
Довжикова ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Cmv Infection ◽  
Histochemical Reaction ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Paraffin Sections ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
The Third ◽  
Exchange Processes ◽  
Hormonal Dysfunction

The aim of the study is to define the role of abnormalities in the formation of estriol hormones in the development of hormonal dysfunction of fetoplacental system. There were examined 39 placentas from women with exacerbation of chronic cytomegalovirus infection at the third trimester of pregnancy and IgG antibody titer 1:1600 and 30 placentas from women with latent CMV infection and titer 1:400. The activity of androstenedione dehydrogenase was found out with histochemical method on cryostat sections of freshly frozen tissues of placentas by Lloyd’s method. The assessment of intensiveness of histochemical reaction was done with cytophotometric method by Scion program. Estradiol in homogenate of placenta was measured with immune-enzyme method. The quantity of nuclei of placenta syncytiotrophoblast in the state of apoptosis was done with cytophotometric method on paraffin sections stained by ISEL method. By the results of the study the exacerbation of CMV infection at the third trimester of pregnancy leads to the decrease of intensiveness of histochemical reaction in placentas to androstenedione dehydrogenase till 32.1±2.88 pixel/mcm2 (at the latent course it is 54.2±4.31 pixel/mcm2, р<0.001), and in homogenate of placenta to the decrease of estradiol till 18443.2±117.53 pmole/l (at the latent course of the disease it is 28977.7±158.13 pmole/l, p<0.001), on paraffin sections in syncytiotrophoblast by the increase of nuclei number in the state of apoptosis till 5.0±0.03% (at latent course of the disease it is 1.2±0.001%, р<0.001) and vacuole formation, which leads to destructive damages of syncytiotrophoblast cytoplasm. The obtained results prove that the exacerbation of CMV infection at the third trimester of pregnancy causes the decrease of estriol hormones formation, which is accompanied by the damage of morphostructure and exchange processes in cell elements of placenta.

scholarly journals Immunoreactive adrenomedullin (AM) concentration in maternal plasma during human pregnancy and AM expression in placenta

2000 ◽  
pp. 683-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Kobayashi ◽  
T Kubota ◽  
T Aso ◽  
Y Hirata ◽  
T Imai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Northern Blot Analysis ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Placental Tissue ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Placental Lactogen ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Maternal Circulation ◽  
The Third ◽  
System A

Adrenomedullin (AM) is a novel vasorelaxant peptide, isolated from human pheochromocytoma. Although AM may be involved in the regulation of the cardiovascular system, a number of other mechanisms are also involved. The present study was undertaken to confirm the presence of AM in human maternal circulation and in placental function during pregnancy. Immunoreactive (ir) AM concentrations in maternal plasma were 3.4+/-0.7fmol/ml (mean+/-s.e. m.) in the first trimester, 3.3+/-1.1fmol/ml in the second trimester, 7.3+/-2.8fmol/ml in the third trimester, 4.1+/-1.9fmol/ml in early puerperium and 3.0+/-0.4fmol/ml in non-pregnant periods; the concentration in the third trimester was significantly greater than those in other periods. Plasma concentrations of estradiol (E(2)), progesterone, human placental lactogen (hPL) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were also measured, using RIA kits. Significant correlations have been demonstrated between the concentrations of irAM and those of E(2), progesterone and hPL. We therefore examined the expression of AM within the placental tissues using immunohistochemistry and northern blot analysis in order to demonstrate a correlation between the presence of AM in the placenta and maternal plasma. Using immunohistochemistry, we detected AM in the amnion at term and the expression of AM mRNA in human placental tissues using cloned human (h) AM complementary DNA as a probe. This study demonstrates the immunoreactivity of human hAM in maternal plasma during pregnancy, and suggests that hAM in maternal plasma is generated partly from placental tissue.

BPC 157 and Standard Angiogenic Growth Factors. Gastrointestinal Tract Healing, Lessons from Tendon, Ligament, Muscle and Bone Healing

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (18) ◽  
pp. 1972-1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Seiwerth ◽  
Rudolf Rucman ◽  
Branko Turkovic ◽  
Marko Sever ◽  
Robert Klicek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Bone Healing ◽  
Angiogenic Growth Factors ◽  
Chronic Injury ◽  
Bpc 157 ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Pathophysiological Role

Commonly, the angiogenic growth factors signify healing. However, gastrointestinal ulceration is still poorly understood particularly with respect to a general pharmacological/pathophysiological role of various angiogenic growth factors implemented in growth factors wound healing concept. Thereby, we focused on the stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157, a peptide given always alone vs. standard peptidergic angiogenic growth factors (EGF, FGF, VEGF), and numerous carriers. Further, we reviewed how the gastrointestinal tract healing could be generally perceived (i) in terms of angiogenic growth factors, and/or (ii) through the healing of extragastrointestinal tissues healing, such as tendon, ligament, muscle and bone, and vice versa. Respected were the beneficial effects obtained with free peptides or peptides with different carriers; EGF, FGF, VEGF, and BPC 157, their presentation along with injuries, and a healing commonality, providing their implementation in both gastrointestinal ulcer healing and tendon, ligament, muscle and bone healing. Only BPC 157 was consistently effective in all of the models of acute/chronic injury of esophagus, stomach, duodenum and lower gastrointestinal tract, intraperitoneally, per-orally or locally. Unlike bFGF-, EGF-, VEGF-gastrointestinal tract studies demonstrating improved healing, most of the studies on tendon, muscle and bone injuries provide evidence of their (increased) presentation along with the various procedures used to produce beneficial effects, compared to fewer studies in vitro, while in vivo healing has a limited number of studies, commonly limited to local application, diverse healing evidence with diverse carriers and delivery systems. Contrary to this, BPC 157 - using same regimens like in gastrointestinal healing studies - improves tendon, ligament and bone healing, accurately implementing its own angiogenic effect in the healing. Thus, we claim that just BPC 157 represents in practice a pharmacological and pathophysiological role of various peptidergic growth factors.

Ontogeny of Serum Complement Proteins

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 775-780
Author(s):  
Harvey R. Colten ◽  
Gabriel Goldberger
Keyword(s):  
First Trimester ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Serum Complement ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Complement Proteins ◽  
The Third ◽  
Apparent Change ◽  
Fetal Serum

The capacity for complement biosynthesis appears early in gestation. In most species, functional complement and properdin systems are intact by the end of the first trimester. An increase in fetal serum complement concentration (several components) occurs early in the third trimester reaching 30 to 50% of adult levels. The mechanisms for initiation of fetal biosynthesis of complement and the apparent change in rate of synthesis are knknown. The role of complement, if any, in utero is also not known. These will most certainly be subjectics of further investigations.

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