scholarly journals Burden of vaccine-preventable diseases, trends in vaccine coverage and current challenges in the implementation of the expanded program on immunization: A situation analysis of Cameroon

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Che Henry Ngwa ◽  
Brigitte-Carole Keumatio Doungtsop ◽  
Rengerline Bihnwi ◽  
Ngo Valery Ngo ◽  
Niendum Mediatrice Yang
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Situation Analysis ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Expanded Program On Immunization

scholarly journals Are we progressing towards elimination of diphtheria, pertusis, tetanus from Nepal?

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 520-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Jha ◽  
S Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Immunization Program ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Tetanus Immunization ◽  
Expanded Program On Immunization ◽  
Key Steps ◽  
Vaccine Surveillance ◽  
Priority Program

Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus (DPT) are the vaccine preventable diseases of childhood. The published literatures and reports related to DPT immunization coverage are relatively more than DPT diseases. The striking reduction in deaths and in the incidence of these diseases has been closely associated with the introduction of specific vaccination program. Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) is a priority program in the country. Nepal has been running country-wide immunization program since 1989. However, there is no doubt that the program has contributed significantly towards reduction of infants and child mortality. Effective and efficient surveillance system and strengthening the routine immunization against DPT are the key steps for elimination of DPT diseases. Key words: DPT, Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Immunization, DPT Vaccine, surveillance, vaccine coverage, Nepal.   doi: 10.3126/kumj.v6i4.1749     Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2008), Vol. 6, No. 4, Issue 24, 520-525   

scholarly journals Decreasing vaccine coverage rates lead to increased vulnerability to the importation of vaccine-preventable diseases in Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Minoru Fujita ◽  
Felipe Scassi Salvador ◽  
Luiz Henrique da Silva Nali ◽  
Expedito José de Albuquerque Luna
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Coverage Rates

scholarly journals Improving the accuracy of ACIR data and increasing vaccination rates

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thaïs A Miles ◽  
Linda V Granger ◽  
Colleen L Gately
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Health Unit ◽  
Quality Improvement Activity ◽  
Childhood Immunisation ◽  
Central Coast ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Vaccination Rates

Immunisation at the earliest appropriate age and high levels of vaccine coverage at milestone ages are important in preventing the spread of vaccine-preventable diseases. At the Central Coast Public Health Unit, the authors sought to determine if follow-up of children said by the Australian Childhood Immunisation Register (ACIR) to be overdue for vaccination improved both of these factors. In a quality improvement activity, monthly ACIR lists of overdue Central Coast children aged 9 to 10 months of age were examined. The study alternated three months of intervention with three months of no intervention. The intervention was designed to find evidence of vaccination, first from the last known provider, and then if this was unsuccessful, from the parent. If no information was available, a letter was sent to the parents. If the child was indeed vaccinated, the register was updated. If the child was missing any vaccinations, the parent(s) were encouraged to complete the schedule. On reviewing routinely-published quarterly ACIR data at three-monthly intervals for 24 months after the intervention (or non-intervention), timeliness of vaccination improved in the intervention cohort. Central Coast fully vaccinated rates diverged from NSW rates during the study. In addition, the ACIR quarters that contained two out of three months of intervention rather than one out of three months of intervention had the highest rates of fully vaccinated children. The authors concluded that the intervention improved both timeliness of vaccination and the proportion of fully vaccinated children.

scholarly journals Vaccine hesitancy in India-the challenges: a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 4643
Author(s):  
Gopalakrishnan S. ◽  
Sujitha P.
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Evaluation Studies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Universal Immunization Program ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Immunization Programme ◽  
Childhood Morbidity ◽  
National Immunization Programme ◽  
Urban Rural

Immunization is the most cost-effective scientific method of reducing childhood morbidity and mortality. In India the national immunization programme has not been able to attain complete coverage of the eligible children and hence mortality due to vaccine preventable diseases is approximately 5 lakhs annually.  Every year, 89 lakhs children are at risk to develop vaccine preventable diseases due to lack of immunization. While most people vaccinate according to the recommended schedule, this success is challenged by individuals and groups who delay, hesitant or refuse vaccines due to various reasons. Despite the realization of compulsory scheduling of vaccines, there are an alarming number of parents who do not permit the vaccination of their children as scheduled. Vaccine hesitancy refers to a delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite the availability of vaccination services. WHO in 2019 listed vaccine hesitancy as one of the ten global health threats. The recent vaccination coverage evaluation studies have shown that there is a perceptible drop in the vaccine coverage in most parts of India and also that the disparity in the urban-rural coverage is also widening. Hence an evaluation of the reasons for vaccine hesitancy is vital at present to strengthen the universal immunization program. The authors are trying to trace the present status and reasons for vaccine hesitancy reported in recent times, which can lead to outbreaks of already controlled vaccine preventable diseases and to identify strategies which are being implemented to overcome the vaccine hesitancy.

scholarly journals Pharmacists’ one-to-one counseling succeeds in promoting flu shots among target population

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Brunelli ◽  
A Morsanutto ◽  
M Tosolini ◽  
A Iob ◽  
F Schiava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Counseling Intervention ◽  
Flu Vaccination ◽  
One To One

Abstract Background Vaccine hesitancy among general population can be even greater regarding flu than other vaccine preventable diseases, as complacency towards influenza is quite high and confidence can be reduced by the confounding effect of influenza-like-illnesses. Health professionals face hesitant people alleging many different motivations against flu vaccination, some of them being susceptible to tailored one-to-one health promotion. Methods During 2019/20 flu vaccination campaign, 44 trained pharmacists of Carnia District in Friuli Venezia Giulia Region (Italy) surveyed at-risk people accessing 25 pharmacies regarding beliefs on flu vaccination and offered one-to-one advice. As stated in the Italian national vaccination plan, subjects with comorbidities or older than 65 were considered at risk. Adherence to influenza vaccination during past flu season and reasons for that choice, as well as intention to be administered flu shots after counseling were registered. Results A total of 2,748 at-risk subjects adhered to the project with a mean age of 70±12 years, 57% of them being females; 1,702 (38%) did not adhere to flu vaccination campaign last year. Most of them confirmed a low complacency level, reporting to have refused flu vaccination because of “not getting ill” (43%) believing that vaccines are dangerous (12%) or not effective (5%); some did not know they could access flu vaccination (8%). After counseling, 2196 (80%) decided to adhere to flu vaccination, in particular 83% (1284/1555) of over 65 and 84% (684/816) of at-risk subjects. Conclusions More than one third of over 65 or at-risk surveyed subjects did not receive influenza vaccination during 2018/19 flu season. One-to-one tailored counseling conducted by pharmacists resulted to be effective in tackling vaccine hesitancy among 2019/20 flu shot target population. Key messages Motivations underlying vaccine hesitancy toward flu vaccination continue to impair health outcomes of target population. A one-to-one counseling intervention conducted by pharmacists with specific targets should be useful to improve seasonal flu vaccine coverage.

scholarly journals Getting personal: how vaccination exemptions shape herd immunity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma R Nedell ◽  
Romain Garnier ◽  
Saad B Omer ◽  
Shweta Bansal
Keyword(s):  
Policy Change ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Exemption Policy ◽  
Epidemiological Effects

Background: State-mandated school entry immunization requirements in the United States play an important role in achieving high vaccine coverage and preventing outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. Most states allow non-medical exemptions that let children remain unvaccinated on the basis of personal beliefs. However, the ease of obtaining such exemptions varies, resulting in a patchwork of state vaccination exemption laws, contributing to heterogeneity in vaccine coverage across the country. In this study, we evaluate epidemiological effects and spatial variations in non-medical exemption rates in the context of vaccine policies. Methods and Findings: We first analyzed the correlation between non-medical exemption rates and vaccine coverage for three significant childhood vaccinations and found that higher rates of non-medical exemptions were associated with lower vaccination rates of school-aged children in all cases. We then identified a subset of states where exemption policy has recently changed and found that the effects on statewide non-medical exemption rates varied widely. Focusing further on Vermont and California, we illustrated how the decrease in non-medical exemptions due to policy change was concurrent to an increase in medical exemptions (in CA) or religious exemptions (in VT). Finally, a spatial clustering analysis was performed for Connecticut, Illinois, and California, identifying clusters of high non-medical exemption rates in these states before and after a policy change occurred. The clustering analyses show that policy changes affect spatial distribution of non-medical exemptions within a state. Conclusions: Our work suggests that vaccination policies have significant impacts on patterns of herd immunity. Our findings can be used to develop evidence-based vaccine legislation.

scholarly journals Towards a further understanding of measles vaccine hesitancy in Khartoum state, Sudan: A qualitative study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majdi M. Sabahelzain ◽  
Mohamed Moukhyer ◽  
Eve Dubé ◽  
Ahmed Hardan ◽  
Hans Bosma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Measles Vaccine ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
Expanded Program On Immunization ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Measles Outbreaks

AbstractBackgroundVaccine hesitancy is one of the contributors to low vaccination coverage in both developed and developing countries. Sudan is one of the countries that suffers from low measles vaccine coverage and from measles outbreaks. For a further understanding of measles vaccine hesitancy in Sudan, this study aimed at exploring the opinions of Expanded Program on Immunization officers at ministries of health, WHO, UNICEF and vaccine care providers at Khartoum-based primary healthcare centers.MethodsQualitative data were collected using semi-structured interviews during the period January-March 2018. The topic list for the interviews was developed and analyzed using the framework “Determinants of Vaccine Hesitancy Matrix” that developed by the WHO-SAGE Working Group.FindingsThe interviews were conducted with 14 participants. The majority of participants confirmed the existence of measles vaccine hesitancy in Khartoum state. They further identified various determinants that grouped into three domains including contextual, groups and vaccination influences. The main contextual determinant as reported is the presence of “anti-vaccination”; who mostly belong to some religious and ethnic groups. Parents’ beliefs about prevention and treatment from measles are the main determinants of the group influences. Attitude of the vaccine providers, measles vaccine schedule and its mode of delivery were the main vaccine related determinants.ConclusionMeasles vaccine hesitancy in Sudan appears complex and highly specific to local circumstances. To better understand the magnitude and the context-specific causes of measles vaccine hesitancy and to develop adapted strategies to address them, there is a need to investigate measles vaccine hesitancy among parents.

scholarly journals Reducing burden from respiratory infections in refugees and immigrants: a systematic review of interventions in OECD, EU, EEA and EU-applicant countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan-Frederic Lambert ◽  
Katarina Stete ◽  
James Balmford ◽  
Annabelle Bockey ◽  
Winfried Kern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Childhood Diseases ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Literacy Interventions ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Secondary Infections

Abstract Background Respiratory diseases are a major reason for refugees and other immigrants seeking health care in countries of arrival. The burden of respiratory diseases in refugees is exacerbated by sometimes poor living conditions characterised by crowding in mass accommodations and basic living portals. The lack of synthesised evidence and guideline-relevant information to reduce morbidity and mortality from respiratory infections endangers this population. Methods A systematic review of all controlled and observational studies assessing interventions targeting the treatment, diagnosis and management of respiratory infections in refugees and immigrants in OECD, EU, EEA and EU-applicant countries published between 2000 and 2019 in MEDLINE, CINAHL, PSYNDEX and the Web of Science. Results Nine of 5779 identified unique records met our eligibility criteria. Seven studies reported an increase in vaccine coverage from 2 to 52% after educational multilingual interventions for respiratory-related childhood diseases (4 studies) and for influenza (5 studies). There was limited evidence in one study that hand sanitiser reduced rates of upper respiratory infections and when provided together with face masks also the rates of influenza-like-illness in a hard to reach migrant neighbourhood. In outbreak situations of vaccine-preventable diseases, secondary cases and outbreak hazards were reduced by general vaccination strategies early after arrival but not by serological testing after exposure (1 study). We identified evidence gaps regarding interventions assessing housing standards, reducing burden of bacterial pneumonia and implementation of operational standards in refugee care and reception centres. Conclusions Multilingual health literacy interventions should be considered to increase uptake of vaccinations in refugees and immigrants. Immediate vaccinations upon arrival at refugee housings may reduce secondary infections and outbreaks. Well-designed controlled studies on housing and operational standards in refugee and immigrant populations early after arrival as well as adequate ways to gain informed consent for early vaccinations in mass housings is required to inform guidelines.

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