The trail-making-test: Comparison between paper-and-pencil and computerized versions in young and healthy older adults

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Soo-Yong Park ◽  
Nadja Schott
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Paper And Pencil

scholarly journals CAN COGNITIVE TRAINING USING A TABLET COMPUTER ENHANCE COGNITIVE FUNCTION OF HEALTHY OLDER ADULTS? AN ALTERNATING-TREATMENT DESIGN

2021 ◽  
pp. 2140044
Author(s):  
JIN-HYUCK PARK
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Cognitive Intervention ◽  
Tablet Computer ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Alternating Treatment Design ◽  
Treatment Design ◽  
Productive Engagement

Even though a variety of cognitive interventions have been conducted to ameliorate age-related cognitive declines, the effects of cognitive intervention using activities in everyday life are still unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects between tablet computer-based productive and receptive cognitive engagement using an alternating-treatment design. Three healthy older adults performed a total of 19 sessions consisting of three baseline periods and 16 alternating training sessions. The training sessions were divided into four blocks and each block involved four treatment sessions. Productive and receptive engagements were randomly allocated to four treatment sessions. All participants alternatively received productive engagement that requires learning new practical applications and receptive engagement requiring little new learning such as listening to music. Prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity using functional near-infrared spectroscopy and executive function through the Trail Making Test were assessed at the baseline and the end of each session. All data were visually analyzed. Visual analysis results showed that the productive engagement was associated with higher PFC activity and faster performance in the Trail Making Test, compared to those utilizing receptive engagement. These results suggest that productive engagement might be effective in facilitating PFC activity and improving the executive function of healthy older adults, indicating cognitively challenging activities are more beneficial relative to nonchallenging activities.

scholarly journals Effects of dance on cognitive function in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Hewston ◽  
Courtney Clare Kennedy ◽  
Sayem Borhan ◽  
Dafna Merom ◽  
Pasqualina Santaguida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Global Cognitive Function ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Complex Attention

Abstract Background dance is a mind–body activity that stimulates neuroplasticity. We explored the effect of dance on cognitive function in older adults. Methods we searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL and PsycInfo databases from inception to August 2020 (PROSPERO:CRD42017057138). Inclusion criteria were (i) randomised controlled trials (ii) older adults (aged ≥ 55 years), (iii) intervention—dance and (iv) outcome—cognitive function. Cognitive domains were classified with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 Neurocognitive Framework. Meta-analyses were performed in RevMan5.3 and certainty of evidence with GradePro. Results we reviewed 3,997 records and included 11 studies (N = 1,412 participants). Seven studies included only healthy older adults and four included those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Dance interventions varied in frequency (1–3×/week), time (35–60 minutes), duration (3–12 months) and type. We found a mean difference (MD) = 1.58 (95% confidence interval [CI) = 0.21–2.95) on the Mini Mental State Examination for global cognitive function (moderate-certainty evidence), and the Wechsler Memory Test for learning and memory had an MD = 3.02 (95% CI = 1.38–4.65; low-certainty evidence). On the Trail Making Test-A for complex attention, MD = 3.07 (95% CI = −0.81 to 6.95; high-certainty evidence) and on the Trail Making Test-B for executive function, MD = −4.12 (95% CI = −21.28 to 13.03; moderate-certainty evidence). Subgroup analyses did not suggest consistently greater effects in older adults with MCI. Evidence is uncertain for language, and no studies evaluated social cognition or perceptual–motor function. Conclusions dance probably improves global cognitive function and executive function. However, there is little difference in complex attention, and evidence also suggests little effect on learning and memory. Future research is needed to determine the optimal dose and if dance results in greater cognitive benefits than other types of physical activity and exercise.

scholarly journals ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE NIH TOOLBOX COGNITION BATTERY AND GAIT IN OLDER ADULTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S931-S931
Author(s):  
Kate Hamel ◽  
Sarah Barber ◽  
Carl Ketcham ◽  
Kristy Lui
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
Dimensional Change ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Card Sort ◽  
Cognitive Predictors ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Temporal Measures

Abstract The relationship between older adults’ gait and cognition has been well-studied, however there is little consensus regarding a best set of measures to assess cognition. One option that has not been previously examined is the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHT-CB), which was developed to be used across the lifespan and across research disciplines. This study examined the relationships between the seven subtests of the NIHT-CB, Trail-Making Tests A and B, and temporospatial measures of gait. One hundred sixty-seven healthy, community-dwelling older adults (115 females, 73.4 ± 4.5 years) completed these cognitive measures and also walked at their self-selected pace back-and-forth five times along a temporospatial-measuring walkway. The mean and coefficient of variation were calculated for each gait variable (stride length, width, time and velocity; stance/swing time and % of stride). After controlling for potential confounders (height, weight, age, sex, education, self-efficacy, health, exercise and falls history), executive function measures were typically the most significant cognitive predictors. More specifically, the Dimensional Change Card Sort task was the best predictor of temporal measures and stride velocity (all ps < 0.001) and the Trail-Making Test Part B was the best predictor for variability measures (five of eight p-values < 0.001). Interestingly, stride length and also stance and swing % of stride were strongly related to a measure of language - Picture Vocabulary (all ps < 0.006). The NIHT-CB appears to be a useful tool for studies of gait in older adults, particularly when used in conjunction with Trail-Making Test B.

scholarly journals Language dominance and inhibition abilities in bilingual older adults

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
MIRA GORAL ◽  
LUCA CAMPANELLI ◽  
AVRON SPIRO
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Simon Task ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Single Test ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Bilingual Advantage ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Trail Making

This study aimed to examine the so-called bilingual advantage in older adults’ performance in three cognitive domains and to identify whether language use and bilingual type (dominant vs. balanced) predicted performance. The participants were 106 Spanish–English bilinguals ranging in age from 50 years to 84 years. Three cognitive domains were examined (each by a single test): inhibition (the Simon task), alternating attention (the Trail Making test), and working memory (Month Ordering). The data revealed that age was negatively correlated to performance in each domain. Bilingual type – balanced vs. dominant – predicted performance and interacted with age only on the inhibition measure (the Simon task). Balanced bilinguals showed age-related inhibition decline (i.e., greater Simon effect with increasing age); in contrast, dominant bilinguals showed little or no age-related change. The findings suggest that bilingualism may offer cognitive advantage in older age only for a subset of bilinguals.

Clinimetric validity of the Trail Making Test Czech version in Parkinson’s disease and normative data for older adults

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (sup1) ◽  
pp. 42-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ondrej Bezdicek ◽  
Hana Stepankova ◽  
Bradley N. Axelrod ◽  
Tomas Nikolai ◽  
Zdenek Sulc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Trail Making

Association of Sarcopenia With Performance on Multiple Cognitive Domains: Results From the ELSA-Brasil Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
pp. 1805-1811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Szlejf ◽  
Claudia K Suemoto ◽  
Paulo A Lotufo ◽  
Isabela M Benseñor
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Recall Test ◽  
Word Recall ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Verbal Fluency Test ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Fluency Test

Abstract Background Sarcopenia and cognitive impairment share pathophysiological paths and risk factors. Our aim was to investigate the association of sarcopenia and its defining components with cognitive performance in middle-aged and older adults. Methods This cross-sectional analysis included 5,038 participants from the ELSA-Brasil Study, aged ≥ 55 years. Muscle mass was evaluated by bioelectrical impedance analysis and muscle strength by handgrip strength. Sarcopenia was defined according to the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health. Cognition was evaluated using delayed word recall test, semantic verbal fluency test, and trail making test version B. Possible confounders included sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle, and clinical comorbidities. Results The frequencies of sarcopenia, low muscle mass, and low muscle strength were 1.8%, 23.3%, and 4.4%, respectively. After adjustment for possible confounders, poorer performance on the verbal fluency test was associated with sarcopenia (β = −0.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.38; −0.01, p = .03) and low muscle mass (β = −0.08, 95% CI = −0.14; −0.01, p = .02). Low muscle strength was associated with poorer performance in the delayed word recall test (β = −0.14, 95% CI = −0.27; −0.02, p = .02), verbal fluency test (β = −0.14, 95% CI = −0.26; −0.02, p = .03), and trail making test (β = −0.15, 95% CI = −0.27; −0.03, p = .01). Conclusions Sarcopenia was associated with poorer performance on the verbal fluency test, and low muscle strength was associated with poorer performance in all cognitive tests in middle-aged and older adults.

Trail Making Test: Comparison of paper-and-pencil and electronic versions

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 522-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalene R. Bracken ◽  
Anya Mazur-Mosiewicz ◽  
Kuba Glazek
Keyword(s):  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Paper And Pencil

scholarly journals Processing speed and the relationship between Trail Making Test-B performance, cortical thinning and white matter microstructure in older adults

Cortex ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
pp. 92-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. MacPherson ◽  
Simon R. Cox ◽  
David A. Dickie ◽  
Sherif Karama ◽  
John M. Starr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Cortical Thinning ◽  
White Matter Microstructure ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Reversing cognitive-decline in older adults in an open-label clinical trial: novel mechanisms and the role of GlyNAC

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 857-857
Author(s):  
Chun Liu ◽  
Rajagopal Sekhar ◽  
Premranjan Kumar ◽  
Charles Minard ◽  
Shaji Chacko
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Cognitive Testing ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Symbol Substitution ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Endogenous Antioxidant

Abstract Age-associated cognitive-decline is an important risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease, but interventions are lacking. We conducted an open-label trial to test our hypotheses on whether: (1) compared to 8 healthy young adults (25y), 8 ‘healthy’ older adults (74y) have cognitive decline, decreased glucose availability for the brain due to mitochondrial dysfunction, elevated insulin-resistance, oxidative-stress and elevated inflammation; (2) supplementing glycine and N-acetylcysteine (GlyNAC) for 24-weeks corrects deficiency of the endogenous-antioxidant Glutathione and improves these defects, and thereby cognition; (3) stopping GlyNAC supplementation for 12-weeks results in a decline in accrued benefits. Outcome measures included cognitive testing (Montreal cognitive assessment; trail-making tests; verbal-fluency tests; digital-symbol substitution-test), mitochondrial fuel-oxidation, RBC-Glutathione concentrations, plasma oxidative-stress, insulin-resistance and inflammation, and tracer-studies to measure glucose metabolism. Results validated our hypotheses and showed that GlyNAC-supplementation corrected these defects and improved cognition. This trial suggests that supplementing GlyNAC may be important for improving/preventing age-associated cognitive-decline in older adults.

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