scholarly journals Isolation and characterization of the membrane envelope enclosing the bacteroids in soybean root nodules.

1978 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 919-936 ◽  
Author(s):  
D P Verma ◽  
V Kazazian ◽  
V Zogbi ◽  
A K Bal
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Infection Thread ◽  
Hypodermic Needle ◽  
Soybean Root ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Infection Threads ◽  
Membrane Envelope

The membrane envelope enclosing the bacteroids in soybean root nodules is shown by ultrastructural and biochemical studies to be derived from, and to retain the characteristics of, the host cell plasma membrane. During the early stages of the infection process, which occurs through an invagination, Rhizobium becomes surrounded by the host cell wall and plasma membrane, forming the infection thread. The cell wall of the infection thread is degraded by cellulolytic enzyme(s), leaving behind the enclosed plasma membrane, the membrane envelope. Cellulase activity in young nodules increases two- to threefold as compared to uninfected roots, and this activity is localized in the cell wall matrix of the infection threads. Membrane envelopes were isolated by first preparing bacteroids enclosed in the envelopes on a discontinuous sucrose gradient followed by passage through a hypodermic needle, which released the bacteroids from the membranes. This membrane then sedimented at the interface of 34--45% sucrose (mean density of 1.14 g/cm3). Membranes were characterized by phosphotungstic acid (PTA)-chromic acid staining. ATPase activity, and localization, sensitivity to nonionic detergent Nonidet P-40 (NP-40) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis. These analyses revealed a close similarity between plasma membrane and the membrane envelope. Incorporation of radioactive amino acids into the membrane envelope proteins was sensitive to cycloheximide, suggesting that the biosynthesis of these proteins is primarily under host-cell control. No immunoreactive material to leghemoglobin antibodies was found inside or associated with the isolated bacteroids enclosed in the membrane envelope, and its location is confined to the host cell cytoplasmic matrix.

Development of root nodules of mung bean (Vigna radiata): a reinvestigation of endocytosis

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
pp. 2478-2499 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Newcomb ◽  
Laurel McIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Nuclear Envelope ◽  
Vigna Radiata ◽  
Mung Bean ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Infection Thread ◽  
Peribacteroid Membrane ◽  
Infection Threads ◽  
Host Plasma Membrane

The release of rhizobia from infection threads of mung bean (Vigna radiata) root nodules is an endocytotic process. The peribacteroid membrane surrounding the released bacteria is initially derived from the host plasma membrane which surrounds the infection thread and not from the nuclear envelope as previously reported by Prasad and De. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) profiles and Golgi vesicles fuse with the infection thread cell wall and adjacent host plasma membrane. Although some ER profiles were continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope, no continuities of the nuclear envelope with the infection thread, the host plasma membrane, or the peribacteroid membrane were observed. Furthermore, no blebbing of the nuclear envelope was observed.

scholarly journals Presence of Host-Plasma Membrane Type H+-ATPase in the Membrane Envelope Enclosing the Bacteroids in Soybean Root Nodules

1985 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 665-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Blumwald ◽  
Marc G. Fortin ◽  
Philip A. Rea ◽  
Desh Pal S. Verma ◽  
Ronald J. Poole
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Soybean Root ◽  
Host Plasma Membrane ◽  
Membrane Envelope ◽  
Membrane Type

Ultrastructure of compatible and incompatible reactions of sunflower to Plasmopara halstedii

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn Wehtje ◽  
Larry J. Littlefield ◽  
David E. Zimmer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Epidermal Cell ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Hypersensitive Reaction ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Plasmopara Halstedii ◽  
Host Cell Wall ◽  
Host Plasma Membrane

Penetration of sunflower, Heliantluis animus, root epidermal cells by zoospores of Plasmopara halstedii is preceded by formation of a papilla on the inner surface of the host cell wall that invaginates the host plasma membrane. Localized degradation and penetration of the host cell wall by the pathogen follow. The invading fungus forms an allantoid primary infection vesicle in the penetrated epidermal cell. The host plasma membrane invaginates around the infection vesicle but its continuity is difficult to follow. Upon exit from the epidermal cell the fungus may grow intercellularly, producing terminal haustorial branches which extend into adjacent host cells. The fungus may grow through one or two cortical cell is after growing from the epidermal cell before it becomes intercellular. Host plasma membrane is not penetrated by haustoria. Intercellular hyphae grow toward the apex of the plant and ramify the seedling tissue. Resistance in an immune cultivar is hypersensitive and is triggered upon contact of the host cell with the encysting zoospore before the host cell wall is penetrated. Degeneration of zoospore cytoplasm accompanies the hypersensitive reaction of the host. Zoospores were often parasitized by bacteria and did not germinate unless penicillin and streptomycin were added to the inoculum suspension.

scholarly journals Isolation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies directed against plant plasma membrane and cell wall epitopes: identification of a monoclonal antibody that recognizes extensin and analysis of the process of epitope biosynthesis in plant tissues and cell cultures.

1988 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
D J Meyer ◽  
C L Afonso ◽  
D W Galbraith
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Cell Suspension Cultures ◽  
Isolation And Characterization

Membranes from tobacco cell suspension cultures were used as antigens for the preparation of monoclonal antibodies. Use of solid phase and indirect immunofluorescence assays led to the identification of hybridomas producing antibodies directed against cell surface epitopes. One of these monoclonal antibodies (11.D2) was found to recognize a molecular species which on two-dimensional analysis (using nonequilibrium pH-gradient electrophoresis and SDS-PAGE) was found to have a high and polydisperse molecular mass and a very basic isoelectric point. This component was conspicuously labeled by [3H]proline in vivo. The monoclonal antibody cross-reacted with authentic tomato extensin, but not with potato lectin nor larch arabinogalactan. Use of the monoclonal antibody as an immunoaffinity reagent allowed the purification of a tobacco glycoprotein which was identical in amino acid composition to extensin. Finally, immunocytological analyses revealed tissue-specific patterns of labeling by the monoclonal antibody that were identical to those observed with a polyclonal antibody raised against purified extensin. We have concluded that monoclonal antibody 11.D2 recognizes an epitope that is carried exclusively by extensin. Analysis of cellular homogenates through differential and isopycnic gradient centrifugation revealed that biosynthesis of the extensin epitope was found on or within the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi region and plasma membrane. This result is consistent with the progressive glycosylation of the newly-synthesized extensin polypeptide during its passage through a typical eukaryotic endomembrane pathway of secretion. The 11.D2 epitope was not found in protoplasts freshly isolated from leaf tissues. However, on incubation of these protoplasts in appropriate culture media, biosynthesis of the epitope was initiated. This process was not impeded by the presence of chemicals that are reported to be inhibitors of cell wall production or of proline hydroxylation.

Electron microscopic observations of infection threads in driselase treated nodules of Astragalus sinicus

1986 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 947-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiro Higashi ◽  
Kazuya Kushiyama ◽  
Mikiko Abe
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Enzyme Treatment ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Astragalus Sinicus ◽  
Infection Threads

The morphological characteristics of infection threads in the root nodules of Astragalus sinicus were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The infection threads, epidermal cell walls, and vascular bundles of the nodule were not altered when a nodule was treated with driselase (a plant cell wall degrading enzyme), although the cell walls of meristematic and bacteroid-including zones were completely decomposed by the enzyme treatment. Some infection threads were funnel shaped at the site of attachment of the infection thread to the host cell wall.

scholarly journals Localization of acid phosphatase activity in the apoplast of root nodules of pea (Pisum sativum)

2011 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marzena Sujkowska ◽  
Wojciech Borucki ◽  
Władysław Golinowski
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Root Nodule ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Outer Part ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Infection Thread ◽  
Symbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Infection Threads

Changes in the activity of acid phosphatase (AcPase) in the apoplast of pea root nodule were investigated. The activity was determined using lead and cerium methods. The results indicated a following sequence of AcPase activity appearance during the development of the infection thread: 1) low AcPase activity appears in the outer part of cells of symbiotic bacteria; 2) bacteria show increased AcPase activity, and the enzyme activity appears in the thread walls; 3) activity exhibits also matrix of the infection thread; 4) bacteria just before their release from the infection threads show high AcPase activity; 5) AcPase activity ceases after bacteria transformation into bacteroids. The increase in bacterial AcPase activity may reflect a higher demand for inorganic phosphorus necessary for propagation of the bacteria within the infection threads and/or involved in bacteria release from the infection threads.

Structural organization of the rhizobial root nodule of alfalfa

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.C. Tu
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Root Nodule ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Meristematic Tissue ◽  
Freeze Fracturing ◽  
Infected Root ◽  
Thin Sectioning ◽  
Membrane Envelope

The structural organization of mature root nodules of Medicago saliva L. is studied by thin-sectioning, scanning, and freeze-fracturing techniques. The nodules are club-shaped, with their meristematic tissue near the tip of each nodule. The bacteroidal cells situated closer to the tip area are young, whereas those located closer to the neck where the nodule and root join are older. The shape of the bacteroids changes as they grow older. The bacteroids evolve gradually from uniform long-rod or long-club shapes into short-club, short-rod. pear-shaped, ellipsoid, spherical, and Y-shapes, which in turn evolve into pear and spherical shapes. During the early part of the bacteroid's life, the bacteroid is enclosed in a membrane envelope. In older bacteroidal cells, it was observed that a few membrane envelopes contained more than one bacteroid. In senescent bacteroidal cells, the membrane envelopes have disintegrated and dissolved. The plasma membranes of mature bacteroidal cells have high endo- and exo-cytotic activities relative to nonrhizobial-infected root nodule cells or newly infected bacteroidal cells. Endo- and exo-cytotic activities are also evident on the membrane envelopes of bacteroids. The plasma membrane of the bacteroids appears to have no endo- and exo-cytotic activity, for the vesicle-like structures observed on the plasma membrane in thin-sectioning and freeze-fracturing preparations are in fact constricted invaginations of the plasma membrane of the bacteroids, somewhat resembling the cristae of mitochondria.

scholarly journals Cellular interaction of the smut fungus Ustacystis waldsteiniae

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 867-883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Bauer ◽  
Franz Oberwinkler ◽  
Kurt Mendgen
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Smut Fungus ◽  
Cellular Interaction ◽  
Smut Fungi ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Host Cell Wall ◽  
Host Plasma Membrane

The cellular interaction between the smut fungus Ustacystis waldsteiniae and its host Waldsteinia geoides was analyzed by serial-section electron microscopy using chemically fixed and high-pressure frozen – freeze-substituted samples. After penetration, each haustorium extends a short distance into the host cell where it often forms up to three short lobes. The haustorium is wholly ensheathed by a prominent matrix. The matrix is a complex structure, differing significantly from that known of other fungal plant parasites: it is filled with amorphous, electron-opaque material in which membrane-bounded, coralloid vesicles are embedded. During the contact phase of the hypha with the host cell wall, vesicles with electron-opaque contents accumulate in the contact area of the hypha where they appear to fuse with the fungal plasma membrane and extrude their contents. Subsequently, the host cell wall increases in electron opacity and matrix material becomes deposited between host plasma membrane and host cell wall exactly at the ends of the altered areas in the host cell wall. The coralloid vesicles within the matrix, however, are of host origin: exocytosis of Golgi products into the matrix results in the formation of coralloid vesicular buds in the host plasma membrane. Subsequently, the buds seem to detach from the host plasma membrane to flow as coralloid vesicles into the matrix. Matrix development continues during penetration and after penetration at the haustorial tips. After host wall penetration, the fungal cell wall comes in contact with the matrix. The fungal component of the matrix may play a key role in the inducement of these transfer cell-like compartments in host cells responding to infection. Key words: freeze substitution, haustoria, high-pressure freezing, host–parasite interaction, smut fungi, Ustacystis waldsteiniae.

Comparative morphology and flavolan content of Rhizobium loti induced effective and ineffective root nodules on Lotus species, Leuceana leucocephala, Carmichaelia flagelliformis, Ornithopus sativus, and Clianthus puniceus

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (12) ◽  
pp. 2676-2685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clive E. Pankhurst ◽  
Douglas H. Hopcroft ◽  
William T. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
Lotus Corniculatus ◽  
Rhizobium Loti ◽  
Infection Threads ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Lotus Pedunculatus ◽  
Ornithopus Sativus

The morphology of Rhizobium loti induced root nodules and the flavolan content of nodulated roots of several Lotus species, Leuceana leucocephala, Carmichaelia flagelliformis, Ornithopus sativus, and Clianthus puniceus were examined. Rhizobium loti strain NZP2037 formed effective (Nod+Fix+) nodules on all legumes, but strain NZP2213 formed Nod+Fix+ nodules only on Lotus corniculatus var. cree and ineffective (Nod+Fix−) nodules on all other legumes. The Nod+Fix− nodules developed by NZP2213 showed morphologies ranging from the complete absence of bacteria within “tumour-like” structures to the development of nodules containing bacteria that were either not released or only incompletely released from infection threads. Within nodules formed by NZP2213 on Lotus corniculatus var. hirsutus and Carmichaelia flagelliformis the rhizobia had multiplied extensively within unwalled, plasma membrane bound, infection droplets. Flavolans rich in prodelphinidin, which is toxic towards NZP2213, were present in the roots of Lotus angustissimus, Lotus pedunculatus, Lotus subbiflorus, and Leuceana leucocephala, but only trace amounts of flavolan were found in the roots of Carmichaelia flagelliformis, Ornithopus sativus, and Clianthus puniceus.

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