scholarly journals A permeabilized cell model for studying cell division: a comparison of anaphase chromosome movement and cleavage furrow constriction in lysed PtK1 cells.

1981 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 618-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Z Cande ◽  
K McDonald ◽  
R L Meeusen
Keyword(s):  
Cell Model ◽  
Chromosome Movement ◽  
Microtubule Depolymerization ◽  
Mitotic Apparatus ◽  
Permeabilized Cell ◽  
Culture Cells ◽  
Brij 58 ◽  
Myosin Subfragment ◽  
Myosin Subfragment 1 ◽  
Chromosome Movements

After lysis in a Brij 58-polyethylene glycol medium, PtK1 cells are permeable to small molecules, such as erythrosin B, and to proteins, such as rhodamine-labeled FAB, myosin subfragment-1, and tubulin. Holes are present in the plasma membrane, and the mitochondria are swollen and distorted, but other membrane-bounded organelles of the lysed cell model are not noticeably altered. After lysis, the mitotic apparatus is functional; chromosomes move poleward and the spindle elongates. Cells lysed while in cytokinesis will continue to divide for several minutes. Addition of crude tubulin extracts, MAP-free tubulin, or taxol to the lysis medium retards anaphase chromosome movements but does not affect cleavage. On the other hand, N-ethylmaleimide-modified myosin subfragment-1, phalloidin, and cytochalasin B inhibit cleavage but have no effect on anaphase chromosome movements under identical lysis conditions. These results suggest that actomyosin plays no functional role in anaphase chromosome movement in mammalian tissue culture cells and that microtubule depolymerization is a rate-limiting step for chromosome-to-pole movements.

scholarly journals Calmodulin stabilization of kinetochore microtubule structure to the effect of nocodazole.

1988 ◽  
Vol 107 (6) ◽  
pp. 2243-2251 ◽  
Author(s):  
S C Sweet ◽  
C M Rogers ◽  
M J Welsh
Keyword(s):  
Adenylate Cyclase ◽  
Cell Model ◽  
Bovine Brain ◽  
Performic Acid ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Mobility Shift ◽  
Mitotic Apparatus ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
Permeabilized Cell ◽  
Cell Model System

To investigate the function of calmodulin (CaM) in the mitotic apparatus, the effect of microinjected CaM and chemically modified CaMs on nocodazole-induced depolymerization of spindle microtubules was examined. When metaphase PtK1 cells were microinjected with CaM or a CaM-TRITC conjugate, kinetochore microtubules (kMTs) were protected from the effect of nocodazole. The ability of microinjected CaM to subsequently protect kMTs from the depolymerizing effect of nocodazole was dose dependent, and was effective for approximately 45 min, with protection decreasing if nocodazole treatment was delayed for more than 60 min after injection of CaM. The CaM-TRITC conjugate, similar to native CaM, displayed the ability to activate bovine brain CaM-dependent adenylate cyclase in a Ca++-dependent manner and showed a Ca++-dependent mobility shift when subjected to PAGE. A heat-altered CaM-TRITC conjugate also protected kMTs from the effect of nocodazole. However, this modified CaM was not able to activate adenylate cyclase nor did it display a Ca++-dependent mobility shift when electrophoresed. In a permeabilized cell model system, both CaM analogs were observed to bind to the spindle in a Ca++-independent manner. In contrast, a performic acid-oxidized CaM did not have a protective effect on spindle structure when microinjected into metaphase cells before nocodazole treatment. The oxidized CaM did not activate adenylate cyclase and did not exhibit Ca++-dependent mobility on polyacrylamide gels. These results are interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that CaM binds to the mitotic spindle in a Ca++-independent manner and that CaM may serve in the spindle, at least in part, to stabilize kMTs.

scholarly journals Chromosome movement in lysed mitotic cells is inhibited by vanadate.

1978 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 573-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Z Cande ◽  
S M Wolniak
Keyword(s):  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Metabolic Inhibitors ◽  
Chromosome Movement ◽  
Microtubule Polymerization ◽  
Spindle Poles ◽  
Brij 58 ◽  
Spindle Elongation ◽  
Chromosome Movements

Mitotic PtK1 cells, lysed at anaphase into a carbowax 20 M Brij 58 solution, continue to move chromosomes toward the spindle poles and to move the spindle poles apart at 50% in vivo rates for 10 min. Chromosome movements can be blocked by adding metabolic inhibitors to the lysis medium and inhibition of movement can be reversed by adding ATP to the medium. Vanadate at micromolar levels reversibly inhibits dynein ATPase activity and movement of demembranated flagella and cilia. It does not affect glycerinated myofibril contraction or myosin ATPase activty at less than millimolar concentrations. Vanadate at 10--100 micron reversibly inhibits anaphase movement of chromosomes and spindle elongation. After lysis in vanadate, spindles lose their fusiform appearance and become more barrel shaped. In vitro microtubule polymerization is insensitive to vanadate.

Structure of Myosin Subfragment-1 from Electron Microscopy and Crystallography

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 156-157
Author(s):  
Donald A. Winkelmann
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Actin Filaments ◽  
Light Chains ◽  
Myosin Filament ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Heavy Chains ◽  
Myosin Subfragment ◽  
Myosin Subfragment 1 ◽  
Globular Head

The primary role of the interaction of actin and myosin is the generation of force and motion as a direct consequence of the cyclic interaction of myosin crossbridges with actin filaments. Myosin is composed of six polypeptides: two heavy chains of molecular weight 220,000 daltons and two pairs of light chains of molecular weight 17,000-23,000. The C-terminal portions of the myosin heavy chains associate to form an α-helical coiled-coil rod which is responsible for myosin filament formation. The N-terminal portion of each heavy chain associates with two different light chains to form a globular head that binds actin and hydrolyses ATP. Myosin can be fragmented by limited proteolysis into several structural and functional domains. It has recently been demonstrated using an in vitro movement assay that the globular head domain, subfragment-1, is sufficient to cause sliding movement of actin filaments.The discovery of conditions for crystallization of the myosin subfragment-1 (S1) has led to a systematic analysis of S1 structure by x-ray crystallography and electron microscopy. Image analysis of electron micrographs of thin sections of small S1 crystals has been used to determine the structure of S1 in the crystal lattice.

scholarly journals Studies of Ligand-induced Conformational Perturbations in Myosin Subfragment 1

1989 ◽  
Vol 264 (18) ◽  
pp. 10810-10819
Author(s):  
K N Rajasekharan ◽  
M Mayadevi ◽  
M Burke
Keyword(s):  
Myosin Subfragment ◽  
Myosin Subfragment 1
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