scholarly journals Cytological localization of chorionic gonadotropin alpha and placental lactogen mRNAs during development of the human placenta.

1982 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 190-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Hoshina ◽  
M Boothby ◽  
I Boime
Keyword(s):  
Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽  
Human Placenta ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Placental Lactogen ◽  
Mrna Synthesis ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Trophoblast Differentiation ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Alpha Gene ◽  
Cytological Localization

Probes derived from clones bearing cDNAs corresponding to the alpha subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and human placental lactogen (hPL) were used to localize their respective mRNAs cytologically in sections of first trimester and term human placenta. hPL mRNA was exclusively localized to the syncytial layer, hCG alpha mRNA was found in the syncytial layer and also in some differentiating cytotrophoblasts. Hybridization was specific because no signal was observed when labeled pBR322 was hybridized to placental sections or when the placental probes were hybridized to sections of human tonsils. In addition, RNA in placental interstitial cells did not hybridize with hCG alpha and hPL probes. Hybridization with the hCG alpha probe was much greater in first trimester than in term sections, whereas hPL signals were comparable in both first trimester and term placentae. Syncytial formation proceeds through cellular intermediates of cytotrophoblastic origin, and the data suggest that transcription of the hCG alpha gene is initiated before the completion of syncytial formation. In contrast, hPL mRNA synthesis starts later in trophoblast differentiation, likely after the stage of syncytial formation. The data also suggested that hCG alpha mRNA synthesis becomes attenuated but that hPL is transcribed at a rather constant rate during placental development.

scholarly journals Cytological distribution of chorionic gonadotropin subunit and placental lactogen messenger RNA in neoplasms derived from human placenta.

1983 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 1200-1206 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Hoshina ◽  
R Hussa ◽  
R Pattillo ◽  
I Boime
Keyword(s):  
Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽  
Human Placenta ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Hydatidiform Mole ◽  
Placental Lactogen ◽  
Major Protein ◽  
Trophoblast Differentiation ◽  
Trophoblastic Diseases ◽  
Gestational Trophoblastic Diseases ◽  
Invasive Mole

Normal trophoblast of the human placenta elaborates at least two major protein hormones, chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and placental lactogen (hPL). There are several gestational trophoblastic diseases of the placenta called hydatidiform mole, invasive mole, and choriocarcinoma. Molar and choriocarcinoma tissues characteristically synthesize large amounts of hCG and small quantities of hPL. To examine the role of trophoblast differentiation in the expression of the hCG and hPL genes, we studied the cytological distribution of their messenger RNA (mRNA) in tissue sections of human hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma by in situ hybridization. Histologically, these tissues are in different stages of cellular differentiation. In normal placenta, hCG alpha and -beta mRNA can be localized to some cytotrophoblasts and primarily to the syncytium, whereas hPL mRNA appears only in the syncytial layer. In hydatidiform mole, which still retains placental villous morphology, the hPL gene and hCG alpha and -beta genes are expressed but are poorly localized because of the admixture of cyto- and syncytiotrophoblasts. By contrast, choriocarcinoma, which is devoid of placental villous pattern but in which the cyto- and syncytiotrophoblast-like components are distinguishable, expresses hCG alpha and -beta in the syncytial-like areas but little, if any, hPL. These results suggest that a certain level of trophoblast differentiation, such as villous formation, is associated with hPL expression, while the hCG alpha gene and the hCG beta gene can be expressed in more disorganized tissues that contain cytotrophoblastic elements.

scholarly journals Trophoblast lineage specification, differentiation and their regulation by oxygen tension

2018 ◽  
Vol 236 (1) ◽  
pp. R43-R56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching-Wen Chang ◽  
Anna K Wakeland ◽  
Mana M Parast
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Tension ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Arterial Blood Flow ◽  
Extravillous Trophoblast ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Epithelial Stem Cells ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Trophoblast Differentiation ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Low Oxygen Tension

Development of the early embryo takes place under low oxygen tension. Under such conditions, the embryo implants and the trophectoderm, the outer layer of blastocyst, proliferate, forming the cytotrophoblastic shell, the early placenta. The cytotrophoblasts (CTBs) are the so-called epithelial ‘stem cells’ of the placenta, which, depending on the signals they receive, can differentiate into either extravillous trophoblast (EVT) or syncytiotrophoblast (STB). EVTs anchor the placenta to the uterine wall and remodel maternal spiral arterioles in order to provide ample blood supply to the growing fetus. STBs arise through CTB fusion, secrete hormones necessary for pregnancy maintenance and form a barrier across which nutrient and gas exchange can take place. The bulk of EVT differentiation occurs during the first trimester, before the onset of maternal arterial blood flow into the intervillous space of the placenta, and thus under low oxygen tension. These conditions affect numerous signaling pathways, including those acting through hypoxia-inducible factor, the nutrient sensor mTOR and the endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced unfolded protein response pathway. These pathways are known to be involved in placental development and disease, and specific components have even been identified as directly involved in lineage-specific trophoblast differentiation. Nevertheless, much controversy surrounds the role of hypoxia in trophoblast differentiation, particularly with EVT. This review summarizes previous studies on this topic, with the intent of integrating these results and synthesizing conclusions that resolve some of the controversy, but then also pointing to remaining areas, which require further investigation.

The human placenta expresses transcription enhancer factor-1 but there is no correlation with the expression of placental lactogen

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Quinn ◽  
D S W Boam ◽  
J R E Davis ◽  
J D Glazier ◽  
P Mylona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Placenta ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Placental Lactogen ◽  
Transcriptional Enhancer ◽  
Term Placenta ◽  
Consensus Binding Sequence ◽  
Cytotrophoblast Cells ◽  
Binding Sequence ◽  
Transcription Enhancer ◽  
Enhancer Factor

ABSTRACT A transcriptional enhancer which has a consensus binding sequence for transcription enhancer factor-1 (TEF-1) has been found 3′ of the hPL3 gene. We examined whether TEF-1 is expressed by the human placenta and whether such expression is co-ordinated with that of human placental lactogen (hPL). Probing Northern blots of total RNA from first trimester and term placenta, the choriocarcinoma-derived cell line JAr and primary cultured cytotrophoblast cells with a cDNA for TEF-1 revealed transcripts of 12–13 kb and 3–4 kb. The level of TEF-1 expression was the same in first trimester as compared with term placenta and in undifferentiated JAr as compared with differentiated cytotrophoblast cells. hPL expression was tenfold higher in term compared with first trimester placenta and, whilst detectable in cytotrophoblast cells, was undetectable in JAr cells. These data show that TEF-1 is expressed by the placenta but is not co-ordinated with hPL expression.

scholarly journals Proteome Profiling of Human Placenta Reveals Developmental Stage-Dependent Alterations in Protein Signature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Khorami Sarvestani ◽  
Sorour Shojaeian ◽  
Negar Vanaki ◽  
Behrouz Gharesi-Fard ◽  
Mehdi Amini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Placenta ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Chemical Stimulus ◽  
Health It ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Complex Organ ◽  
Protein Signature

Abstract Introduction Placenta is a complex organ that plays a significant role in the maintenance of pregnancy health. It is a dynamic organ that undergoes dramatic changes in growth and development at different stages of gestation. In the first-trimester, the conceptus develops in a low oxygen environment that favors organogenesis in the embryo and cell proliferation and angiogenesis in the placenta; later in pregnancy, higher oxygen concentration is required to support the rapid growth of the fetus. This transition, which appears unique to the human placenta, must be finely tuned through successive rounds of protein signature alterations. This study compares placental proteome in normal first-trimester (FT) and term human placentas (TP). MethodsNormal human first-trimester and term placental samples were collected and differentially expressed proteins were identified using two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.ResultsDespite the overall similarities, 120 proteins were differently expressed in first and term placentas. Out of these, 120 proteins, expression of 72 was up-regulated and that of 48 was down-regulated in the first when compared with the full term placentas. Twenty out of 120 differently expressed proteins were sequenced, among them seven showed increased (GRP78, PDIA3, ENOA, ECH1, PRDX4, ERP29, ECHM), eleven decreased (TRFE, ALBU, K2C1, ACTG, CSH2, PRDX2, FABP5, HBG1, FABP4, K2C8, K1C9) expression in first-trimester compared to the full-term placentas and two proteins exclusively expressed in first-trimester placentas (MESD, MYDGF). DiscussionAccording to Reactome and PANTHER softwares, these proteins were mostly involved in response to chemical stimulus and stress, regulation of biological quality, programmed cell death, hemostatic and catabolic processes, protein folding, cellular oxidant detoxification, coagulation and retina homeostasis. Elucidation of alteration in protein signature during placental development would provide researchers with a better understanding of the critical biological processes of placentogenesis and delineate proteins involved in regulation of placental function during development.

Microvillous membrane potential (E m) in villi from first trimester human placenta: comparison toE m at term

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (4) ◽  
pp. R1519-R1528 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Birdsey ◽  
R. D. H. Boyd ◽  
C. P. Sibley ◽  
S. L. Greenwood
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Human Placenta ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Major Contributor ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Ion Conductance ◽  
Placental Villi

The microvillous membrane (MVM) potential ( E m) of first trimester human placental villi was measured and compared with that in villi from term human placentas. The median E m in first trimester villi (−28 mV) was significantly more negative than that at term (−21 mV; P < 0.001). The median E m measured in villi from early ( weeks 6–11) first trimester (−32 mV) was significantly more negative than that in late ( weeks 12 and 13) first trimester villi (−24 mV; P < 0.001). Elevating extracellular KCl concentration induced a significant depolarization of E m in both first trimester and term villi ( P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively). The magnitude of this depolarization was greater in first trimester than at term, indicating that the ion conductance of the MVM changes with gestation. Exposure to ouabain induced a significant depolarization of E m (3 mV: P < 0.05) in first trimester villi but had little effect at term. These results suggest that microvillous membrane electrophysiology changes with placental development. An alteration in the relative K+:Cl−conductance of the MVM is likely to be a major contributor to the change in the magnitude of E m.

scholarly journals PPARγ/RXRα Heterodimers Are Involved in Human CGβ Synthesis and Human Trophoblast Differentiation

Endocrinology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 142 (10) ◽  
pp. 4504-4514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Tarrade ◽  
Kristina Schoonjans ◽  
Jean Guibourdenche ◽  
Jean Michel Bidart ◽  
Michel Vidaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Region ◽  
Additive Effect ◽  
Placental Lactogen ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Trophoblast Differentiation ◽  
Human Trophoblast ◽  
Transcript Levels ◽  
Nuclear Extracts

Abstract Recent studies performed with null mice suggested a role of either RXRα or PPARγ in murine placental development. We report here that both PPARγ and RXRα are strongly expressed in human villous cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts. Moreover, specific ligands for RXRs or PPARγ (but not for PPARα or PPARδ) increase both human CGβ transcript levels and the secretion of human CG and its free β-subunit. When combined, these ligands have an additive effect on human CG secretion. Pan-RXR and PPARγ ligands also have an additive effect on the synthesis of other syncytiotrophoblast hormones such as human placental lactogen, human placental GH, and leptin. Therefore, in human placenta, PPARγ/RXRα heterodimers are functional units during cytotrophoblast differentiation into the syncytiotrophoblast in vitro. Elements located in the regulatory region of the human CGβ gene (β5) were found to bind RXRα and PPARγ from human cytotrophoblast nuclear extracts, suggesting that PPARγ/RXRα heterodimers directly regulate human CGβ transcription. Altogether, these data show that PPARγ/RXRα heterodimers play an important role in human placental development.

Patterns of spontaneous pulsatile secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin and pregnancy specific β1 glycoprotein by superfused placental explants in first and last trimester. Lack of episodic human placental lactogen secretion

1991 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kaplan ◽  
E. R. Barnea ◽  
N. A. Bersinger
Keyword(s):  
Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽  
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Placental Lactogen ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Human Placental Lactogen ◽  
Gonadotropin Secretion ◽  
Autocrine Control ◽  
Sampling Intervals ◽  
Low Amplitude

Abstract. We have recently reported that during superfusion of placental explants, human chorionic gonadotropin secretion is episodic. In the present work we have examined, using the superfusion model, the pattern of secretion of other glycoprotein hormones, pregnancy specific β1 glycoprotein and human placental lactogen, in the first trimester and term placenta. This was done by evaluating the pulsatile pattern by two different computerized programmes. By using different sampling intervals (6-0.5 min) of the effluent, two distinct patterns of hCG secretion were detected in the first trimester: a short one, occurring every 8-9 min and the other every 18-25 min. In contrast, at term the only episodic pattern detected was every 40-50 min, with a low amplitude, 20-30% above baseline, and a declining baseline. In two out of seven placentas, no pulsatility was detected. The secretion of pregnancy specific β1 glycoprotein was pulsatile, occuring every 14-15 min in the first trimester and every 6-7 min at term. Finally, the secretion of human placental lactogen at term was not pulsatile. The levels of this glycoprotein in the first trimester placenta were below detection limits. In conclusion, the patterns of the three glycopoproteins during superfusion are different, suggesting different paracrine/autocrine control mechanisms. The dynamic superfusion model also enables identification of thus far not reported gestational age-dependent differences in the secretion pattern of hCG and pregnancy specific β1 glycoprotein.

scholarly journals Proteome profiling of human placenta reveals developmental stage-dependent alterations in protein signature

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Khorami Sarvestani ◽  
Sorour Shojaeian ◽  
Negar Vanaki ◽  
Behrouz Ghresi-Fard ◽  
Mehdi Amini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Placenta ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Chemical Stimulus ◽  
Health It ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Protein Signature

Abstract Introduction Placenta is a complex organ that plays a significant role in the maintenance of pregnancy health. It is a dynamic organ that undergoes dramatic changes in growth and development at different stages of gestation. In the first-trimester, the conceptus develops in a low oxygen environment that favors organogenesis in the embryo and cell proliferation and angiogenesis in the placenta; later in pregnancy, higher oxygen concentration is required to support the rapid growth of the fetus. This oxygen transition, which appears unique to the human placenta, must be finely tuned through successive rounds of protein signature alterations. This study compares placental proteome in normal first-trimester (FT) and term human placentas (TP). Methods Normal human first-trimester and term placental samples were collected and differentially expressed proteins were identified using two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results Despite the overall similarities, 120 proteins were differently expressed in first and term placentas. Out of these, 72 were up-regulated and 48 were down-regulated in the first when compared with the full term placentas. Twenty out of 120 differently expressed proteins were sequenced, among them seven showed increased (GRP78, PDIA3, ENOA, ECH1, PRDX4, ERP29, ECHM), eleven decreased (TRFE, ALBU, K2C1, ACTG, CSH2, PRDX2, FABP5, HBG1, FABP4, K2C8, K1C9) expression in first-trimester compared to the full-term placentas and two proteins exclusively expressed in first-trimester placentas (MESD, MYDGF). Conclusion According to Reactome and PANTHER softwares, these proteins were mostly involved in response to chemical stimulus and stress, regulation of biological quality, programmed cell death, hemostatic and catabolic processes, protein folding, cellular oxidant detoxification, coagulation and retina homeostasis. Elucidation of alteration in protein signature during placental development would provide researchers with a better understanding of the critical biological processes of placentogenesis and delineate proteins involved in regulation of placental function during development.

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