scholarly journals THE PULSE PRESSURE AS AN INDEX OF THE SYSTOLIC OUTPUT

1908 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 484-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Percy M. Dawson ◽  
Lemuel W. Gorham
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Pulse Pressure ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Reliable Index ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Stimulation Of

On the basis of these facts we feel justified in making the following assertion: Under normal conditions and during various procedures (namely, stimulation of the vagus centrally and peripherally, of the saphenus nerve centrally, and of the annulus Vieussentis, intravenous transfusion of 0.7 per cent. sodium chloride solution, intra-arterial transfusion of strong carbonate, bleeding and asphyxia) the pulse pressure is a reliable index of the systolic output.

scholarly journals TREATMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL ACUTE GENERAL PERITONITIS IN THE DOG WITH ILEOSTOMY AND SODIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION

1929 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-530
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Orr ◽  
Russell L. Haden
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Not Given ◽  
General Peritonitis ◽  
Cent Sodium

1. In experimentally produced general peritonitis drainage of the gut by ileostomy 6 inches above the cecum has no beneficial effect. 2. Animals with experimentally produced general peritonitis treated with ileostomy plus 1 per cent sodium chloride solution live three times as long as those not given the salt solution.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL OBSTRUCTION OF THE JEJUNUM

1925 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 707-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell L. Haden ◽  
Thomas G. Orr
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solutions ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Cent Sodium

Chemical changes are reported occurring in the blood of animals with obstruction of the jejunum, in which distilled water or sodium chloride solutions were introduced directly into the lumen of the intestine below the point of obstruction. Distilled water given daily from the beginning of the obstruction, had no influence on the development or course of the toxemia. 1 and 2 per cent salt solutions prevented a toxemia in uncomplicated cases. One animal so treated lived 30 days. Distilled water, given after the onset of toxemia, did not alter the progress or outcome of the toxemia. 10 per cent sodium chloride solution, administered after the onset of toxemia, controlled it in most cases for a long period. Hydrochloric acid had no effect on the course of the toxemia.

scholarly journals STUDIES IN EDEMA

1910 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 288-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moyer S. Fleisher ◽  
Leo Loeb
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Peritoneal Fluid ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Cent Sodium

1. Adrenalin injected intraperitoneally increases the rapidity of absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity, independently of whether the solution to be absorbed is hypotonic or hypertonic or is approximately isotonic with the blood serum. The intravenous injection of adrenalin also increases the absorption of fluid, but not so markedly as does the intraperitoneal injection. 2. Adrenalin injected either intraperitoneally or intravenously increases the quantity of sodium chloride absorbed. The relative absorption of sodium chloride—the movement from the peritoneal cavity of sodium chloride, as compared with the movement of water—is slightly increased when 0.85 per cent. of sodium chloride solution and adrenalin are injected intraperitoneally; but it is diminished when adrenalin is injected intravenously, or when 1.5 per cent. sodium chloride solution and adrenalin are injected. When distilled water has been injected intraperitoneally, adrenalin decreases the relative amount of sodium chloride in the peritoneal fluid—a fact that is evidently related to the increased elimination of sodium chloride through the kidneys under the influence of adrenalin. 3. When 0.85 per cent. sodium chloride solution is injected into the peritoneal cavity, the blood becomes diluted after two hours and a half. When adrenalin is also injected, the dilution of the blood is less marked, in spite of the increased absorption under the influence of adrenalin. When distilled water is injected into the peritoneal cavity, the blood is diluted equally in control and adrenalin experiments. When 1.5 per cent. sodium chloride solution is injected, the dilution of the blood is very slight, and in adrenalin experiments it is the same as in control experiments or very slightly greater than in control experiments. 4. The increase of absorption from the peritoneal cavity caused by the injection of adrenalin is not due to the increased diuresis caused by the injection of this substance. 5. The injection of adrenalin causes a temporary increase in the osmotic pressure of the blood, which gradually returns to normal. Under certain conditions, after the injection of adrenalin, there is a tendency toward maintaining the higher osmotic pressure of the blood serum, even up to the end of the experiment. We have reason to believe that this increase in the osmotic pressure of the blood is the main factor in increasing the absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity. 6. In experiments in which 0.85 per cent. sodium chloride solution has been injected intraperitoneally, either with or without adrenalin, there exists a tendency of the peritoneal fluid to attain a greater osmotic pressure than the blood serum, in spite of the fact that the injected fluid is slightly hypotonic as compared with the blood serum. We note a similar condition in cases of general edema in man, in which the osmotic pressure of the ascitic fluid is greater than that of the other edematous fluids, or even that of the blood serum. There exists, therefore, a mechanism that causes the passage of osmotically active substances from the blood or from the tissues into the peritoneal cavity, and that causes the osmotic pressure of the peritoneal fluid to become higher than that of the blood. It follows from our experiments that this mechanism, which causes the ascites in edematous persons to have such a high osmotic pressure, is not dependent upon certain pathological changes in the lining membranes or upon other pathological conditions, but exists already in normal animals. 7. The addition of 1.22 per cent. calcium chloride solution to 0.83 per cent. sodium chloride solution, in such proportions as we used in our infusion experiments, in which we determined the transudation into the peritoneal cavity, delays the absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity but very slightly. Therefore, calcium chloride increases directly the transudation into the peritoneal cavity and does not cause an increase in the amount of fluid in the peritoneal cavity merely by inhibiting the absorption. 8. It follows that adrenalin does not increase the amount of peritoneal transudate found after the intravenous infusion of large quantities of sodium chloride solution, to which adrenalin has been added, by delaying the absorption from the peritoneal cavity. The increased amounts of peritoneal fluid must be due to increased transudation into the peritoneal cavity; and the adrenalin, in view of its marked effect on absorption from the peritoneal cavity, must increase the movement of fluid into the peritoneal cavity much more strongly than could be assumed from the figures obtained in the infusion experiments.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE REGULATION OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE

1921 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 801-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter W. Palmer ◽  
Dana W. Atchley ◽  
Robert F. Loeb
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Specific Conductivity ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Degree Of Ionization ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Egg Albumin ◽  
Cent Sodium

1. In pure gelatin solutions the conductivity of the solution increases with increasing concentrations, regardless of the hydrogen ion concentration. The actual value of the specific conductivity is greater at that reaction where the degree of ionization is greater. 2. The addition of gelatin in increasing concentrations to a 0.6 per cent sodium chloride solution affects the conductivity of that solution in two ways: (a) At pH 3.3, (where gelatin is highly ionized) the conductivity increases with each added increment of gelatin. (b) At pH 5.1 and 7.4 (where gelatin is less highly ionized) the conductivity decreases with each added increment of gelatin. A similar study is being made of crystalline egg albumin.

scholarly journals STUDIES IN EDEMA

1909 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moyer S. Fleisher ◽  
Daniel M. Hoyt ◽  
Leo Loeb
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Marked Influence ◽  
Intestinal Fluids ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Chemical Character

1. The secretion of urine and the elimination of fluid through the intestinal canal which are caused by the intravenous injection of solution of 0.85 per cent. sodium chloride are decreased by the addition of calcium chloride to the sodium chloride solution. The secretion of urine is more markedly inhibited than is the elimination of fluid through the intestines. 2. In contradistinction to the decreased elimination of fluid through the kidneys and intestines, addition of calcium chloride to the sodium chloride solution increases markedly the transudation of fluid into the peritoneal cavity. To a certain degree the urine and ascites may be said to increase in an inverse proportion. 3. Although calcium chloride inhibits both absorption from and secretion into the intestines it seems to decrease the secretion more markedly than the absorption. 4. The action of calcium chloride in increasing the ascitic fluid is a double one: first, by diminishing the amount of urine secreted: secondly, by increasing the ascites independently of its action on the kidneys. The latter may be a direct action on the endothelial cells of the peritoneal cavity: this, however, must be determined by further investigations. 5. Addition of calcium chloride to the infused fluids increases the tendency to the occurrence of edema of the lungs. 6. Infusion of large quantities of fluid into animals dilutes the blood, but this dilution seems to be carried only to a certain degree— about 30 per cent.—and to be independent of the chemical character of the solution and of the function of the kidneys. 7. The presence or absence of the kidneys has a marked influence on the intestinal and ascitic fluids. When the averages of ascitic and intestinal fluids per 1,000 c.c. of retained fluid in non-nephrectomized animals and these fluids per 1,000 c.c. of infused fluid in nephrectomized animals are compared, more fluid is found in the case of the nephrectomized animals. This fact can only be explained in part by the shorter time necessary for the same amount of fluid to be retained in the case of the nephrectomized animals. Nephrectomy causes an increase of the ascites and the intestinal fluids through a mechanism which will have to be investigated by means of further experiments.

Modification of carcase characteristics in sheep maintained on a saline water regime

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (48) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Walker ◽  
BJ Potter ◽  
GB Jones
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Water Regime ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Degree Of Unsaturation ◽  
Cent Sodium

Two groups each of four Merino wethers, two years old and in very lean condition after many weeks on a straw ration, were fattened on a ration of lucerne hay. One group of animals drank 1.3 per cent sodium chloride solution for 16 weeks before and during fattening while the control group drank tap water throughout. Analyses done after body weight increases of about 12 kg showed that, compared to the controls, the saline drinking group had significantly less fat, more water, and more protein in the edible carcase. All differences were significant. Samples of fat from the omentum and perirenal area showed a tendency towards a higher degree of unsaturation in the saline-drinking animals although these results were not statistically significant.

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