scholarly journals STUDIES ON DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY

1965 ◽  
Vol 121 (6) ◽  
pp. 873-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard B. Levine
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Antigenic Determinant ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Delayed Hypersensitivity ◽  
Hypersensitivity Reactions ◽  
Binding Affinities ◽  
Structural Adaptation ◽  
Skin Reactions ◽  
High Binding

Experiments carried out with several well defined antigenic systems (hapten conjugates of poly-L-lysine and guinea pig serum albumin) in guinea pigs demonstrated that: 1. Arthus reactions also manifest carrier specificity, although to a smaller extent than do delayed hypersensitivity reactions. 2. Desensitization by injection of minute doses of antigen results in moderate specific desensitization of delayed hypersensitivity without desensitization of Arthus reactivity to the same antigenic determinant. 3. Insoluble antigen-antibody complexes prepared from high affinity guinea pig antibodies can elicit specific delayed skin reactions in sensitized guinea pigs. 4. Homologous conjugates of structurally similar haptens show considerably less cross-reactivity in delayed reactions than in immediate hypersensitivity reactions to the same antigenic determinant. These experimental results are interpreted as indicating that delayed hypersensitivity reactions in the guinea pig are mediated by "antibodies" of comparatively high binding affinities. High binding affinities are achieved for these antibodies more likely by closer structural adaptation between antigen and antibody than by a larger area of specific contact.

scholarly journals DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY

1957 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan W. Uhr ◽  
A. M. Pappenheimer ◽  
M. Yoneda
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Diphtheria Toxin ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Delayed Hypersensitivity ◽  
Toxigenic Strain ◽  
Skin Reactions ◽  
Minute Amount ◽  
Initial Infection ◽  
Toxigenic Strains

Guinea pigs infected by intradermal injection of living toxigenic diphtheria bacilli and protected by horse antitoxic globulin, given either before or after infection, develop delayed hypersensitivity of the tuberculin type to diphtherial proteins. The highest degree of hypersensitivity is specifically directed against diphtheria toxin (or toxoid) itself, although smaller delayed skin reactions may be evoked in sensitized animals by other diphtherial proteins common to both toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains. Animals sensitized to diphtheria toxin by infection with a toxigenic strain in this way react positively to the Schick test and their serum usually contains no detectable antitoxin 2 to 3 weeks after the initial infection. Animals infected with living non-toxigenic diphtheria bacilli become sensitized to proteins common to both toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains but do not show sensitivity to toxin. The observations suggest that a minute amount of toxoid, or of toxin comparable to that which might be liberated during infection, might induce the hypersensitive state if injected in the form of a complex with excess antitoxin. This prediction is verified by the results reported in the following paper (23).

Hypersensitivity reactions to proton-pump inhibitors: Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. e37-e44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seçil Kepil Özdemir ◽  
Sevim Bavbek
Keyword(s):  
Proton Pump Inhibitors ◽  
Proton Pump ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Delayed Hypersensitivity ◽  
Stevens Johnson Syndrome ◽  
Hypersensitivity Reactions ◽  
Fixed Drug Eruption ◽  
Maculopapular Eruption

Background: Proton-pump inhibitors (PPI) are one of the most commonly prescribed drugs, and they are generally well tolerated. However, several immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions due to PPIs have been reported. Objective: To review the clinical characteristics and management of immune-mediated immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions to PPIs. Methods: We performed a search of a medical literature data base from January 1980 to October 2019 by using keywords that included “proton-pump inhibitors” and “hypersensitivity.” Results: Anaphylaxis is the most-common clinical presentation in patients with immediate hypersensitivity reactions to PPIs, followed by urticaria and/or angioedema. Occupational contact dermatitis, maculopapular eruption, fixed drug eruption, symmetrical drug-related intertriginous and flexural exanthema, and severe cutaneous adverse reactions, such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis have also been reported with PPIs. Conclusion: The current knowledge and severity of the reported reactions indicated the importance of consideration of a causal relationship between hypersensitivity reactions and PPIs, and awareness of the existence of cross-reactivity among PPIs.

scholarly journals Meropenem-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis in a patient with known type IV penicillin hypersensitivity

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. e230144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Sameed ◽  
Christine Nwaiser ◽  
Prashant Bhandari ◽  
Sarah A Schmalzle
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Delayed Hypersensitivity ◽  
Stevens Johnson Syndrome ◽  
Hypersensitivity Reactions ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Johnson Syndrome ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
History Of

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are considered variants of a disease continuum that results in a life-threatening exfoliative mucocutaneous disease. These are categorised as type IV cell-mediated delayed hypersensitivity reactions, and antibiotics are often implicated as a cause. Penicillins and other beta-lactam antibiotics are known to cause both immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions. While immediate IgE-mediated cross-reactivity between penicillins and carbapenems is well studied, less information on the risk of type IV delayed cell-mediated cross-reactivity between the two is available. We present a case of meropenem-induced SJS in a patient with documented history of SJS from amoxicillin. There are few cases of cross-reactivity with carbapenems reported in the literature, but based on the potential for life-threatening reaction, it is likely prudent to avoid the use of any beta-lactams in a patient with a history of SJS, TEN or any other severe cutaneous adverse reactions to another beta-lactam antibiotic.

scholarly journals The immunogenic activity of ribosomal fractions derived fromBrucella abortus

1976 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Corbel
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Brucella Abortus ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Delayed Hypersensitivity ◽  
Hypersensitivity Reactions ◽  
Subcutaneous Injections ◽  
Disk Electrophoresis ◽  
Protein Components ◽  
Intracutaneous Injection

SUMMARYThe immunizing activity of ribosome preparations derived fromBrucella abortusstrain 19 cells was examined in guinea-pigs and mice. After subcutaneous injections ofBr. abortusribosomes in Freund's incomplete adjuvant, both mice and guinea-pigs developed immunity to challenge by virulentBr. abortus544 organisms which was at least as effective as the protection conferred by live strain 19 vaccine. Both mice and guinea-pigs also developed agglutinating and complement-fixing antibodies and delayed hypersensitivity toBr. abortusantigens. Conversely, ribosome preparations elicited delayed hypersensitivity reactions on intracutaneous injection into guinea-pigs chronically infected withBr. abortusorBr. melitensis.On injection into rabbits,Br. abortusribosomes incorporated in incomplete adjuvant induced high titres of agglutinins, complement fixing antibodies and precipitins forBr. abortusantigens. On immunochemical examination, the ribosome preparations were not grossly contaminated with antigens derived from the cell surface. They were chemically complex, however, and in addition to RNA contained numerous protein components identified by disk electrophoresis. The nature of the components responsible for conferring protection againstBr. abortuswas not determined.

scholarly journals IMMUNOLOGIC CROSS-REACTIONS AMONG MAMMALIAN ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS

1960 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emil Gotschlich ◽  
Chandler A. Stetson
Keyword(s):  
Acute Phase ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Double Diffusion ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Skin Reactions ◽  
Cross Reactions ◽  
Reactive Protein

Crystalline rabbit Cx-reactive protein has been compared immunologically with the analogous crystalline C-reactive protein of man. Immunologic cross-reactivity has been demonstrated between the acute phase proteins of man, rabbit, and monkey. Double-diffusion reactions in agar and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reactions in vivo both indicate that these acute phase proteins are antigenically closely similar but not identical. Guinea pigs with delayed hypersensitivity to C-reactive protein exhibit delayed skin reactions when tested with Cx-reactive protein and vice versa.

scholarly journals DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY TO HAPTEN-PROTEIN CONJUGATES

1962 ◽  
Vol 115 (5) ◽  
pp. 1037-1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. H. Cell ◽  
Arthur M. Silverstein
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Antigenic Determinant ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Delayed Hypersensitivity ◽  
Antigenic Determinants ◽  
Carrier Protein ◽  
Protein Conjugates ◽  
Circulating Antibodies ◽  
Human Gamma Globulin ◽  
Delayed Hypersensitivity Reaction

Further data have been presented showing that the specificity of the delayed hypersensitivity reaction in the guinea pig to hapten-protein conjugates involves to a considerable degree a contribution by the protein carrier. The carrier contribution is such that sensitization to guinea pig albumin-m-azobenzenesulfonate, for example, does not result in cross-reaction with conjugates of the same hapten with unrelated proteins such as ovalbumin or human gamma globulin, nor were cross-reactions observed between conjugates prepared with the same hapten, coupled to the same protein, but by two different chemical routes, such that the point of attachment of the hapten to the protein differed. It thus appears that in this system both hapten and carrier protein are necessary, but that neither alone is in general sufficient to stimulate the delayed sensitive cell. Desensitization experiments with cross-reacting hapten-protein conjugates have suggested the presence of a multiplicity of antigenic determinants participating in the elicitation of the delayed lesion, and of a concomitant development of a heterogeneity of specificities in the population of delayed sensitive cells in the sensitized animal. The data are discussed in terms of the apparent requirement of the delayed sensitivity mechanism for a larger functional antigenic determinant than that required for interaction with circulating antibodies. Some possible explanations for this difference, and some of its consequences, are discussed.

Passively Transferred Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions in Mice and Guinea-Pigs

1965 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 328-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.T. Rowlands ◽  
A.J. Crowle ◽  
H.P. Russe
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Delayed Hypersensitivity ◽  
Hypersensitivity Reactions

scholarly journals The release of an endogenous pyrogen from guinea pig leukocytes in vitro: a new model for investigating the role of lymphocytes in fevers induced by antigen in hosts with delayed hypersensitivity.

1977 ◽  
Vol 145 (5) ◽  
pp. 1288-1298 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Chao ◽  
L Francis ◽  
E Atkins
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes ◽  
Delayed Hypersensitivity ◽  
Endogenous Pyrogen ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Guinea pig periotoneal exudate (PE) cells incubated overnight in vitro with heat-killed Staphylococci released an endogenous pyrogen (EP) that could be assayed by intravenous injection in rabbits. The febrile responses were linearly related to the dosage of EP over an eightfold range. PE cells derived from guinea pigs with delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to bovine gamma globulin (BGG), also released EP when incubated with antigen in vitro. This reaction was specific and did not occur withe PE cells from normal or complete Freund's adjuvant-sensitized guinea pigs. Studies indicated that monos and/or polymorphonuclear leukocytes rather than lymphocytes were the source of EP. However, when incubated with BGG and sufficient dosages of BGG-sensitized lymphocytes, normal PE cells released EP over a 42 h period. These results suggest that antigen stimulates specifically sensitized lymphocytes to release an agent (perhaps a lymphokine) that activates phagocytic cells to release EP. This model offers unique advantages for investigating in vitro the role of the lymphocyte in antigen-induced fever in DH as well as the relationship of this lymphocyte-induced activity to other known biologic activities mediated by antigen stimulated lymphocytes.

Delayed hypersensitivity reactions caused by iodixanol: An assessment of cross-reactivity in 22 patients

2011 ◽  
Vol 128 (6) ◽  
pp. 1356-1357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Hasdenteufel ◽  
Julie Waton ◽  
Vanina Cordebar ◽  
Myriam Studer ◽  
Olivier Collignon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Delayed Hypersensitivity ◽  
Hypersensitivity Reactions

scholarly journals Sensitizing Capacities and Cross-Reactivity Patterns of Some Diisocyanates and Amines Using the Guinea-Pig Maximization Test. Can p-phenylenediamine be Used as a Marker for Diisocyanate Contact Allergy?

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haneen Hamada ◽  
Erik Zimerson ◽  
Magnus Bruze ◽  
Marléne Isaksson ◽  
Malin Engfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Patch Test ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Contact Allergy ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Patch Test ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Test Reactions ◽  
Toxic Reactions

Background:Isocyanates are mainly considered respiratory allergens but can also cause contact allergy. Diphenylmethane-4,4′-diamine (4,4′-MDA) has been considered a marker for diphenylmethane-4,4′-diisocyanate (4,4′-MDI) contact allergy. Furthermore, overrepresentation of positive patch-test reactions top-phenylenediamine (PPD) in 4,4′-MDA positive patients have been reported.Objectives:To investigate the sensitizing capacities of toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (2,4-TDI) and PPD and the cross-reactivity of 4,4′-MDA, 2,4-TDI, dicyclohexylmethane-4,4′-diamine (4,4′-DMDA), dicyclohexylmethane-4,4′-diisocyanate (4,4′-DMDI), 4,4′-MDI and PPD.Methods:The Guinea Pig Maximization Test (GPMT) was used.Results:PPD was shown to be a strong sensitizer (p<0.001). Animals sensitized to PPD showed cross-reactivity to 4,4′-MDA (p<0.001). Animals sensitized to 4,4′-MDA did not show cross-reactivity to PPD. 8 animals sensitized to 2,4-TDI were sacrificed due to toxic reactions at the induction site and could thus not be fully evaluated.Conclusion:PPD was shown to be a strong sensitizer. However, it cannot be used as a marker for isocyanate contact allergy. On the other hand, positive reactions to 4,4′-MDA could indicate a PPD allergy. The intradermal induction concentration of 2,4-TDI (0.70% w/v) can induce strong local toxic reactions in guinea-pigs and should be lowered.

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