scholarly journals TOXINS AND ANTITOXINS OF BACILLUS DYSENTERIÆ SHIGA

1920 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter K. Olitsky ◽  
I. J. Kligler
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Bacillary Dysentery ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
Intestinal Lesions ◽  
Typical Action ◽  
Specific Affinity ◽  
Serum Therapy ◽  
Perivascular Infiltration

With the methods which have been described we have separated an exotoxin and an endotoxin from cultures of the Shiga dysenteric bacillus. The study of the nature and effect of the poison of this microorganism is thus simplified. The two toxins are physically and biologically distinct. The exotoxin is relatively heat-labile, arises in the early period of growth, and yields an antiexotoxic immune serum. The endotoxin, on the other hand, is heat-stable, is formed in the later period of growth, and is not neutralized by the antiexotoxic serum. The exotoxin exhibits a specific affinity for the central nervous organs in the rabbit, giving rise to a characteristic lesion—mainly, hemorrhages, necroses, and possibly a perivascular infiltration in the gray matter of the upper spinal cord and medulla. The endotoxin exerts a typical action on the intestinal tract, producing edema, hemorrhages, necroses, and ulcerations, especially in the large intestine. In dysentery in man the intestinal lesions predominate, but in severe epidemics paralysis and neuritis have been observed (Osler17). These facts become specially significant from the standpoint of the serum therapy of bacillary dysentery. A potent antidysenteric serum should contain antibodies against the exotoxin as well as the endotoxin. That such a serum can be produced in horses has been experimentally demonstrated.

scholarly journals PASSIVE IMMUNITY IN AVIAN MALARIA

1940 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reginald D. Manwell ◽  
Frederick Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Avian Malaria ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Human Malaria ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Effect Of Therapy ◽  
Serum Therapy ◽  
Species Specific

The effect of therapy with immune serum has been studied in thirty-two cases of Plasmodium circumflexum infection, all of them produced by blood inoculation. Eighteen of these cases never showed parasites, and seven others developed infections which were definitely milder than those of the controls. The therapeutic serum was in all cases obtained from chronic cases which had previously been superinfected to raise the immune titre. It seems justifiable to conclude that: 1. Passive immunity can be conferred in avian malaria, at least when caused by Plasmodium circumflexum just as it can be in certain types of monkey malaria, and perhaps in human malaria as well. 2. Whatever the nature of the protective substances present in the serum of chronic cases may be, they are present in very low concentration. Their concentration can be raised by superinfection, however. These substances may be strain-specific or species-specific, but the results of these experiments do not give any clear-cut answer to this question. 3. Serum therapy previous to infection seems to be more effective than when given afterward. 4. The administration of normal serum or even of physiological saline in a dosage comparable to that employed with the immune serum used in these experiments produced similar macroscopic changes in the size of the spleen. 5. Agglutination of cells parasitized by Plasmodium circumflexurn when mixed with immune serum was observed.

scholarly journals PHENOMENON OF LOCAL SKIN REACTIVITY TO BACTERIAL FILTRATES: PASSIVE IMMUNITY TO REACTING FACTORS

1931 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Shwartzman
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Lethal Effect ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Local Skin ◽  
Serum Therapy ◽  
The Law

It has proved possible to elicit passive immunity to B. typhosus reacting factors by means of normal and immune homologous neutralizing antibodies. The in vivo serum protection against these factors followed the law of multiple proportions. There was observed a considerable loss of antibodies from the blood stream. Passive immunity was best obtained when the immune serum was injected intravenously ½ hour before the intravenous injection of the reacting factors. It was possible to prevent the occurrence of the local skin reaction by an intravenous injection of serum after the intravenous injection of the reacting factors, provided the serum dose was very large and provided the serum injection was made immediately after the filtrate injection. A number of experiments clearly demonstrated the interesting fact that the greater the amount of antiserum injected intravenously, the more efficient was the in vivo neutralization, in a ratio distinctly greater than the quantitative increase of serum. It is suggested that there may be a practical value of the observation in relation to serum therapy. The results also demonstrated passive serum protection against the lethal effect of B. typhosus "agar washings" filtrates, in a ratio which seemed to suggest the law of multiple proportions.

scholarly journals AN ANALYSIS OF THE OPSONIC AND TROPIC ACTION OF NORMAL AND IMMUNE SERA BASED ON EXPERIMENTS WITH THE PNEUMOCOCCUS

1933 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh K. Ward ◽  
John F. Enders
Keyword(s):  
Human Serum ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
Prolonged Contact ◽  
Current Usage ◽  
Single Well ◽  
Predominant Factor ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Experimental Difficulty

1. In normal unheated human serum, virulent pneumococci may be prepared for phagocytosis by two separate antibodies, acting in conjunction with complement. One of these is the type-specific anticarbohydrate antibody reacting with the carbohydrate fraction of the pneumococcus. The other is probably also a type-specific antibody, but quite distinct from the former, and therefore must react with a different antigenic constituent of the bacterium. 2. In the normal human serum heated to 56°C., these two antibodies may, after prolonged contact with the organism, promote phagocytosis of the pneumococcus without the adjuvant action of complement. 3. Although these two antibodies are equally effective in the phagocytosis of 24 hour culture organisms by normal blood, the anticarbohydrate antibody tends to become the predominant factor as the pneumococci approach the state in which they exist in the animal body. 4. In so far as we have been able to show, the anticarbohydrate antibody is the only antibody in immune serum which can induce phagocytosis. This substance by itself is active in a phagocytic system, but just as in the normal serum, complement enhances its effect. The failure to demonstrate the presence in the immune serum of an antibody, distinct from the anticarbohydrate antibody, analogous to that found in the normal serum, may be due to the experimental difficulty of removing all the anticarbohydrate antibody from a concentrated immune serum. 5. Thus it is seen that a single well defined antibody (the anticarbohydrate antibody) may be responsible for the phagocytic action of normal unheated serum, normal heated serum, inactivated immune serum, and immune serum activated by complement. These facts appear to us to invalidate Neufeld's division of the phagocytic antibodies into (a) bacteriotropins (antibodies, the phagocytic titre of which is not raised by the addition of complement); (b) opsonic antibodies (antibodies, comparable to the lysins, which are only active in the presence of complement). 6. Complement alone is incapable of inducing phagocytosis of the pneumococcus. In the phagocytic process, it appears simply to increase the speed at which the reaction takes place. Its role may be compared to that of a catalyst in a chemical reaction. 7. On the basis of these findings, it is proposed that the term "tropin" be discarded as misleading and unnecessary, and that the term "opsonin" be retained to denote any heat-stable antibody which prepares bacteria for phagocytosis. Contrary to current usage, it would not suggest a combination of antibody with complement.

Distribution of Escherichia coli Heat-Stable Enterotoxin/Guanylin/Uroguanylin Receptors in the Avian Intestinal Tract

1995 ◽  
Vol 153 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.J. Krause ◽  
R.H. Freeman ◽  
S.L. Eber ◽  
F.K. Hamra ◽  
K.F. Fok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Heat Stable

scholarly journals Новые результаты в генеалогической классификации тюркских диалектов («случаи с аффрикатами»)

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 696-713
Author(s):  
Anna V. Dybo ◽  
◽  
Lidia F. Abubakirova ◽  
Zukhra K. Aibazova ◽  
Oleg R. Hisamov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Period ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Secondary Development ◽  
Extensive Field ◽  
Linguistic History ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
Specific Affinity ◽  
Convergence Problems ◽  
Different Order ◽  
The Continuum

Introduction. As is well known, the three Turkic dialectal continua — Tatar-Bashkir, Shor-Khakass-Chulym, and Karachay-Balkar ones — have developed quite distinctive reflexes of proto-Turkic palatal *j- and *č-, *-č(-). While compiling the Dialectological Atlas of Russia’s Turkic Languages, the authors were able to compose exact isoglosses of *j- and *č change in members of the mentioned continua, which made it also possible to partially reevaluate genetic clusterization on the basis of this data. Materials and Methods. Apart from the available publications and archival sources on the three areas in question, the analysis is based on the authors’ extensive field work that involves the use of a set of lexical questionnaires compiled in accordance with known aspects of the Turkic linguistic history. The source recordings for every speaker were turned into idiolectal audio-dictionaries and are linked to an electronic etymological database of the Turkic languages, each elicitation analyzed both with the comprehension method and the software for experimental phonetics. Results. As it turns out, this methodology of field work and post-analysis provides information crucial for detailed linguistic clusterization of dialectal continua in particular and any dialectal system in general. Traditionally, subtle problems of divergence and convergence, problems of archaic and innovative phenomena receive their solutions. The results are as follows. Palatal *j- and *č in the languages of the Khakass-Shor-Chulym group have changed by a strict series of rules none of which could be simultaneous, nor could follow each other in a different order. Thus, the two Middle Chulym dialects — Melet and Tutal ones — prove to lack an immediate linguistic ancestor, the Tutal ‘dialect’ is an archaic version of Mrassu Shor, while Melet is closely related to Kyzyl Khakass. Reflexes of *j- and *č are also principal isoglosses for a previously undocumented Khakass dialect, which does not have any specific affinity with Saghai, Kyzyl and Kachin dialects. Areal analysis of KarachayBalkar shows that dz < proto-Turkic *j- is a secondary development, while, on the other hand, it is finally proven that reflexes *j- > dz~dʑ and *j- > ʑ~z form a more significant isogloss. And for the Tatar-Bashkir dialectal continuum, there were identified three main types of proto-Turkic *jreflexation; a chronology for these three types intermixing during the early period of the continuum is also proposed.

THE SEROLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF THE RICKETTSIAE OF EPIDEMIC AND MURINE TYPHUS

1946 ◽  
Vol 24e (2) ◽  
pp. 84-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Craigie ◽  
Dennis W. Watson ◽  
Eina M. Clark ◽  
M. Elizabeth Malcomson
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Resistance ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Murine Typhus ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Cross Reactions ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
Heat Labile ◽  
Small Doses ◽  
Quantitative Absorption

The complement-fixing antibodies present in epidemic and murine typhus immune sera can be differentiated by quantitative absorption tests. The neutralizing antibodies that participate in the Giroud reaction can be differentiated by quantitative inhibition tests.Epidemic and murine typhus immune sera contain two kinds of complement-fixing antibodies and also two kinds of neutralizing antibodies. The antigens that react with these antibodies differ in specificity and thermal resistance. Cross reactions between epidemic and murine rickettsiae are due to the presence of similar heat stable antigens in the two types. Type specific sera may be obtained by absorbing immune serum with either (a) rickettsiae of heterologous type or (b) heated rickettsiae of homologous type. The specific antibodies react only with the heat labile antigens of the homologous type of rickettsiae.Mice may be actively immunized against the toxic factors of murine and epidemic rickettsiae. The immunity produced by small doses of vaccine is type specific and dependent on the presence of heat labile antigen in the vaccine.

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