IMMUNE SERUM THERAPY FOR OROYA FEVER

1943 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 429 ◽  
Author(s):  
CALDERON HOWE
Keyword(s):  
Immune Serum ◽  
Serum Therapy

scholarly journals PASSIVE IMMUNITY IN AVIAN MALARIA

1940 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reginald D. Manwell ◽  
Frederick Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Avian Malaria ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Human Malaria ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Effect Of Therapy ◽  
Serum Therapy ◽  
Species Specific

The effect of therapy with immune serum has been studied in thirty-two cases of Plasmodium circumflexum infection, all of them produced by blood inoculation. Eighteen of these cases never showed parasites, and seven others developed infections which were definitely milder than those of the controls. The therapeutic serum was in all cases obtained from chronic cases which had previously been superinfected to raise the immune titre. It seems justifiable to conclude that: 1. Passive immunity can be conferred in avian malaria, at least when caused by Plasmodium circumflexum just as it can be in certain types of monkey malaria, and perhaps in human malaria as well. 2. Whatever the nature of the protective substances present in the serum of chronic cases may be, they are present in very low concentration. Their concentration can be raised by superinfection, however. These substances may be strain-specific or species-specific, but the results of these experiments do not give any clear-cut answer to this question. 3. Serum therapy previous to infection seems to be more effective than when given afterward. 4. The administration of normal serum or even of physiological saline in a dosage comparable to that employed with the immune serum used in these experiments produced similar macroscopic changes in the size of the spleen. 5. Agglutination of cells parasitized by Plasmodium circumflexurn when mixed with immune serum was observed.

scholarly journals PHENOMENON OF LOCAL SKIN REACTIVITY TO BACTERIAL FILTRATES: PASSIVE IMMUNITY TO REACTING FACTORS

1931 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Shwartzman
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Lethal Effect ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Local Skin ◽  
Serum Therapy ◽  
The Law

It has proved possible to elicit passive immunity to B. typhosus reacting factors by means of normal and immune homologous neutralizing antibodies. The in vivo serum protection against these factors followed the law of multiple proportions. There was observed a considerable loss of antibodies from the blood stream. Passive immunity was best obtained when the immune serum was injected intravenously ½ hour before the intravenous injection of the reacting factors. It was possible to prevent the occurrence of the local skin reaction by an intravenous injection of serum after the intravenous injection of the reacting factors, provided the serum dose was very large and provided the serum injection was made immediately after the filtrate injection. A number of experiments clearly demonstrated the interesting fact that the greater the amount of antiserum injected intravenously, the more efficient was the in vivo neutralization, in a ratio distinctly greater than the quantitative increase of serum. It is suggested that there may be a practical value of the observation in relation to serum therapy. The results also demonstrated passive serum protection against the lethal effect of B. typhosus "agar washings" filtrates, in a ratio which seemed to suggest the law of multiple proportions.

scholarly journals TOXINS AND ANTITOXINS OF BACILLUS DYSENTERIÆ SHIGA

1920 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter K. Olitsky ◽  
I. J. Kligler
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Bacillary Dysentery ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
Intestinal Lesions ◽  
Typical Action ◽  
Specific Affinity ◽  
Serum Therapy ◽  
Perivascular Infiltration

With the methods which have been described we have separated an exotoxin and an endotoxin from cultures of the Shiga dysenteric bacillus. The study of the nature and effect of the poison of this microorganism is thus simplified. The two toxins are physically and biologically distinct. The exotoxin is relatively heat-labile, arises in the early period of growth, and yields an antiexotoxic immune serum. The endotoxin, on the other hand, is heat-stable, is formed in the later period of growth, and is not neutralized by the antiexotoxic serum. The exotoxin exhibits a specific affinity for the central nervous organs in the rabbit, giving rise to a characteristic lesion—mainly, hemorrhages, necroses, and possibly a perivascular infiltration in the gray matter of the upper spinal cord and medulla. The endotoxin exerts a typical action on the intestinal tract, producing edema, hemorrhages, necroses, and ulcerations, especially in the large intestine. In dysentery in man the intestinal lesions predominate, but in severe epidemics paralysis and neuritis have been observed (Osler17). These facts become specially significant from the standpoint of the serum therapy of bacillary dysentery. A potent antidysenteric serum should contain antibodies against the exotoxin as well as the endotoxin. That such a serum can be produced in horses has been experimentally demonstrated.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF BACTERIAL VARIATION UPON THE FACTORS NECESSARY FOR THE PHENOMENON OF LOCAL SKIN REACTIVITY TO BACTERIAL FILTRATES

1930 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 781-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Shwartzman
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Bacterial Culture ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Colony Morphology ◽  
Partial Loss ◽  
Local Skin ◽  
Specific Serum ◽  
Skin Reactivity ◽  
Agglutination Titer ◽  
Serum Therapy

In this paper there is reported the effect of bacterial variation upon the reacting factors of the phenomenon of local skin reactivity to bacterial culture filtrates. By means of the method described in the text the following results were obtained: Various stock strains of B. typhosus were found to produce reacting factors which differed in their neutralizability by anti-stock immune sera. The reacting factors of low neutralizability also possessed low antigenicity. The passage of strains through mice brought about in one instance a lowering of neutralizability of reacting factors and in another instance had no effect. It was possible to increase the antigenicity of the reacting factors by passage of the strain through mice. Transformation of "stock" strain into "rough" brought about the formation of reacting factors of new specificity. The "rough" reacting factors were neutralized by homologous sera and also differed in their neutralizability. Reacting factors of various degrees of neutralizability were produced by stock strains which did not display any difference in colony appearance (with one exception). The "rough" reacting factors appeared in strains of typical "rough" colony morphology. However, "rough" strains of the same degree of roughness morphologically differed in the neutralizability of their reacting factors. The changes in neutralizability elicited by passage through mice had no influence on colony morphology. There seemed to be a parallelism between the degree of agglutinability of stock strains by anti-stock sera and the degree of neutralizability of reacting factors of the same strain. It was possible to obtain a partial loss of neutralizability by passage through mice with and without change in agglutinability. The agglutination titer of anti-rough serum was not an indication of its anti-rough neutralizing properties. The degree of neutralizability of "rough" reacting factors paralleled the specific serum agglutinability of the strains producing them. Abundant precipitation occurred in mixtures of toxic filtrates and immune serum in spite of low neutralization. The filtrates of rough cultures non-neutralizable by anti-stock sera failed to precipitate with the latter. The appearance of neutralizing anti-rough antibodies was coincident with the development of anti-rough precipitates. The rough strains possessed a lower virulence than the stock strains from which they were derived. However, there was no difference in the virulence of "rough" strains, the reacting factors of which differed in their neutralizability. The filtrates containing "rough" reacting factors were seemingly as lethal to mice and rabbits as were filtrates of stock cultures of B. typhosus. The possible relation of these findings to the immunological understanding of the course of infectious diseases and to serum therapy is discussed.

Actin and α-tubulin immuno-EM labelings reveal differences in intra versus interphotoreceptor matrix

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 466-467
Author(s):  
Matti Järvilehto ◽  
Riitta Harjula
Keyword(s):  
Compound Eye ◽  
Frozen Section ◽  
Smooth Muscle Actin ◽  
Photoreceptor Cells ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Cell Organelles ◽  
Calliphora Erythrocephala ◽  
Optical Axes ◽  
Interphotoreceptor Matrix ◽  
Similar Kind

The photoreceptor cells in the compound eyes of higher diptera are clustered in groups (ommatidia) of eight receptor cells. The cells from six adjacent ommatidia are organized into optical units, neuro-ommatia sharing the same visual field. In those ommatidia the optical axes of the photopigment containing structures (rhabdomeres) are parallel. The rhabdomeres of the photoreceptor cells are separated from each other by an interstitial i.e innerommatidial space (IOS). In the photoreceptor cell body, besides of the normal cell organelles, a cellular matrix is a structurally apparent component. Similar kind of reticular formation is also found in the IOS containing some unidentified filamentary substance, of which composition and functional significance for optical properties of vision is the aim of this report.The prefixed (2% PA + 0.2% GA in 0.1-n phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, for 1h), frozen section blocks of the compound eye of the blowfly (Calliphora erythrocephala) were prepared by immuno-cryo-techniques. The ultrathin cryosections were incubated with antibodies of monoclonal α-tubulin and polyclonal smooth muscle actin. Control labelings of excess of antigen, non-immune serum and non-present antibody were perforated.

Properties of Washed Human Platelets

1977 ◽  
Vol 37 (02) ◽  
pp. 291-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raelene L Kinlough-Rathbone ◽  
J Fraser Mustard ◽  
Marian A Packham ◽  
Dennis W Perry ◽  
Hans-Joachim Reimers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Effect ◽  
Human Platelets ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Immune Serum Globulin ◽  
Serum Globulin ◽  
Platelet Adherence ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Induced Aggregation ◽  
Extensive Release ◽  
Protein Free Medium

SummaryWe have shown previously that washed human platelets resuspended in Tyrode solution containing albumin and apyrase maintain their disc shape and their ability to aggregate upon the addition of low concentrations of ADP, providing fibrinogen is added to the suspending medium. We have now examined their responses to other aggregating and release-inducing agents. Collagen, arachidonate, thrombin, immune serum globulin, the ionophore A 23, 187 and phytohaemagglutinin from Phaseolus vulgaris caused aggregation and release of granule contents. The response to adrenaline was variable. Serotonin caused the platelets to change shape but no aggregation or release occurred. Addition of a small amount of plasma was necessary for ristocetin-induced aggregation. Polylysine caused immediate platelet-to-platelet adherence with little or no release of granule contents. Responses to collagen or thrombin were greater in a modified medium containing magnesium but no calcium; in this medium, aggregation caused by ADP or polylysine was followed by the release of granule contents whereas these agents caused aggregation without release in a medium with both calcium and magnesium. When protein was omitted from the suspending medium, platelet aggregation in response to ADP was variable. In this medium, collagen and thrombin caused more extensive release than in the albumin-containing medium. Aggregation by polylysine was accompanied by release and extensive lysis in the protein-free medium. Thus, the composition of the final resuspending medium has a major effect on the responses of washed human platelets to aggregating agents.

IN VITRO DESTRUCTION OF LEISHMANIA DONOVANI INFECTED CELLS BY IMMUNE SERUM

1976 ◽  
Vol 4 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 207-211
Author(s):  
SHUN SHINBO ◽  
TAKATOSHI KOBAYAKAWA ◽  
HIROSHI ISHIYAMA ◽  
KAZUSHIGE MASUDA
Keyword(s):  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Infected Cells

scholarly journals Immune Serum Produced by DNA Vaccination Protects Hamsters against Lethal Respiratory Challenge with Andes Virus

2007 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 1332-1338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay W. Hooper ◽  
Anthony M. Ferro ◽  
Victoria Wahl-Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Dna Vaccine ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
M Gene ◽  
Hamster Model ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Andes Virus

ABSTRACT Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a highly pathogenic disease (40% case fatality rate) carried by rodents chronically infected with certain viruses within the genus Hantavirus of the family Bunyaviridae. The primary mode of transmission to humans is thought to be inhalation of excreta from infected rodents; however, ingestion of contaminated material and rodent bites are also possible modes of transmission. Person-to-person transmission of HPS caused by one species of hantavirus, Andes virus (ANDV), has been reported. Previously, we reported that ANDV injected intramuscularly causes a disease in Syrian hamsters that closely resembles HPS in humans. Here we tested whether ANDV was lethal in hamsters when it was administered by routes that more accurately model the most common routes of human infection, i.e., the subcutaneous, intranasal, and intragastric routes. We discovered that ANDV was lethal by all three routes. Remarkably, even at very low doses, ANDV was highly pathogenic when it was introduced by the mucosal routes (50% lethal dose [LD50], ∼100 PFU). We performed passive transfer experiments to test the capacity of neutralizing antibodies to protect against lethal intranasal challenge. The neutralizing antibodies used in these experiments were produced in rabbits vaccinated by electroporation with a previously described ANDV M gene-based DNA vaccine, pWRG/AND-M. Hamsters that were administered immune serum on days −1 and +5 relative to challenge were protected against intranasal challenge (21 LD50). These findings demonstrate the utility of using the ANDV hamster model to study transmission across mucosal barriers and provide evidence that neutralizing antibodies produced by DNA vaccine technology can be used to protect against challenge by the respiratory route.

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