scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SYPHILITIC BLOOD PROTEINS

1931 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 859-873 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Walton
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Blood Proteins ◽  
Buffer Solutions ◽  
Fresh Serum ◽  
Made In

These experiments show: 1. That the surface tension of normal blood serum is considerably lowered by standing undisturbed for a period of 1 hour (time-drop). 2. That the greatest time-drop recorded is with serum diluted approximately 10,000 times in fresh serum, and 50,000 times in heated serum. 3. That immune serum is not affected in the same manner by heat as is normal serum. Syphilitic serum and anti-sheep cell rabbit serum behave similarly in this respect. 4. That serum albumin is much more readily soluble in alkaline buffer solutions than globulin is, and that globulin from normal serum ionizes more than that from syphilitic serum. Further investigations are being made in an effort to determine why the proteins aggregate or dissociate under the influence of the factors under consideration.

scholarly journals THE PASSAGE OF NEUTRALIZING SUBSTANCES FROM THE BLOOD INTO THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID IN POLIOMYELITIS

1917 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Flexner ◽  
Harold L. Amoss
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Inflammatory Reaction ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Aseptic Inflammation ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Acute Poliomyelitis ◽  
Intraspinal Injection

The cerebrospinal fluid taken very early and quite late in the course of acute poliomyelitis exhibits no neutralizing action on filtered poliomyelitic virus. The blood serum on the 6th day of the disease already contains the neutralizing principles. The injection of sterile horse serum into the cerebrospinal meninges in monkeys increases their permeability, so that they permit the immunity neutralizing principles passively injected into the blood to pass into the cerebrospinal fluid. The passage in passively immunized monkeys takes place during a relatively brief space of time and apparently only while the inflammatory reaction produced by the horse serum is at its height. It is established for monkeys and rendered probable for man that the intraspinal injection of immune serum in poliomyelitis is curative. In monkeys normal serum exerts no such action, and at present nothing can be stated definitely regarding the therapeutic effect of normal serum in man except that probably any benefits which may arise from its employment would be attributable not to the action of the serum as such, but to the escape of circulating immunity principles in the blood made possible by the aseptic inflammation set up by it in the meninges. As the immunity principles appear in the blood only after several days, and the reported favorable effects of the immune serum treatment relate to the first days of illness, the employment of normal serum is thus not indicated, while that of an immune serum is.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON VIRULENCE

1932 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lloyd D. Felton
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Tissue Extracts ◽  
Normal Horse Serum ◽  
Antibody Solution ◽  
Transfer Device ◽  
Made In

From the study of different tissue extracts as media for the growth of pneumococci used in an automatic transfer device, certain inferences are warranted: 1. Media made from calf lung or heart, or from horse skeletal muscle maintain virulence over a long period of time. Conversely, media made from calf spleen lead to a decrease in virulence. 2. Lung medium causes an increase in virulence of seven strains of pneumococci. 3. Virulence is maintained in normal horse serum; but, it rapidly decreases in immune serum, or in pneumococcus antibody solution, a finding which confirms the work of Stryker. Immune serum freed from protective antibody gives results similar to normal serum. 4. Rabbit medium made from the entire animal apparently is less suitable for the maintenance of virulence of pneumococci than medium made in the same way from guinea pig.

A SURFACE TENSION EQUILIBRIUM STUDY OF HUMAN SERUM IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (7) ◽  
pp. 861-871
Author(s):  
J. J. Jasper ◽  
D. S. McCann ◽  
R. E. Mosher ◽  
A. J. Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Protein Structure ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Human Serum ◽  
Serum Protein ◽  
Human Blood ◽  
Colloidal Stability ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Equilibrium Study ◽  
Fresh Serum

The rate of attainment of a static surface tension equilibrium by human blood serum was investigated. In general serum from atherosclerotic individuals tends to reach a static surface tension value more rapidly than serum from a normal subject. From a consideration of typical surface tension versus age-of-surface curves of fresh serum, of heated denatured serum, and of aged serum, it is concluded that the rate of change of surface tension is a function of serum protein structure and therefore influences the colloidal stability of serum.

scholarly journals Immunity to the group B streptococci: interaction of serum and macrophages with types Ia, Ib, and Ic.

1976 ◽  
Vol 143 (5) ◽  
pp. 1186-1198 ◽  
Author(s):  
B F Anthony
Keyword(s):  
Group B Streptococcus ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Group B Streptococci ◽  
Opsonic Activity ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
Group B ◽  
Antigen Antibody

The opsonization and phagocytosis of group B streptococci of types Ia, Ib, and Ic were studied in vitro by measuring the uptake of radioactivity by coverslip cultures of rabbit alevolar macrophages during incubation with radiolabeled, nonviable bacteria which had been exposed to rabbit serum. The uptake of counts per minute was quantitative, reproducible, and reversibly inhibited by cold, indicating that it was largely a measurement of phagocytic ingestion rather than of attachment of bacteria-immunoglobulin complexes to macrophage membranes. Moreover, suspended macrophages killed approximately 90% of viable streptococci in the presence of specific antiserum. The opsonic activity of immune serum was heat stable, and phagocytosis of streptococci was insignificant after incubation with normal serum and antiserum to some heterologous group B streptococci. By absorption studies, it was possible to identify the effect of antibodies to specific bacterial antigens. Phagocytosis of streptococci containing the corresponding antigens was maximal after opsonization with homologous or heterologous sera containing antibody to IaCHO, IbCHO, or Ibc protein. Phagocytosis of all three serotypes was intermediate when opsonization could be attributed to anti-IabcCHO. The opsonization of a specific group B streptococcus is complex and may involve two or more antigen-antibody systems.

scholarly journals SURFACE TENSION OF SERUM

1925 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 779-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Lecomte du Noüy
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Antibody Formation ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
Protein Molecules ◽  
Isotonic Sodium Chloride ◽  
Large Injection ◽  
The Mean

1. The injection of antigen into an animal determines a gradual change in the blood fluid which finds expression in two physicochemical manifestations that can readily be followed, namely a decrease in the static value of the surface tension of serum solutions, and a special form of crystallization when serum diluted with isotonic sodium chloride solution is allowed to evaporate under certain conditions. 2. The change in the blood is at a maximum around the 13th day after the first antigen injection, and decreases progressively thereafter until it can no longer be observed, which is usually around the 30th day. 3. The change follows the same course, whether a single large injection of antigen is made, or many smaller ones. It begins at the same time in either case, it comes to a maximum after the same period, and in its subsequent course it is not affected by the reinjection of antigen. The manifestations of the change would appear to be independent of the presence of antigen in the circulation. 4. The mean length of the protein molecules of the immune serum obtained after the injection of the antigen dealt with is little if at all different from that of the protein molecules of normal serum. 5. It is possible that this reaction is independent of the antibody formation.

A SURFACE TENSION EQUILIBRIUM STUDY OF HUMAN SERUM IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 861-871
Author(s):  
J. J. Jasper ◽  
D. S. McCann ◽  
R. E. Mosher ◽  
A. J. Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Protein Structure ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Human Serum ◽  
Serum Protein ◽  
Human Blood ◽  
Colloidal Stability ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Equilibrium Study ◽  
Fresh Serum

The rate of attainment of a static surface tension equilibrium by human blood serum was investigated. In general serum from atherosclerotic individuals tends to reach a static surface tension value more rapidly than serum from a normal subject. From a consideration of typical surface tension versus age-of-surface curves of fresh serum, of heated denatured serum, and of aged serum, it is concluded that the rate of change of surface tension is a function of serum protein structure and therefore influences the colloidal stability of serum.

scholarly journals Complement deviation in mouse carcinoma

1911 ◽  
Vol 83 (565) ◽  
pp. 359-373
Keyword(s):  
Characteristic Feature ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Alcoholic Extract ◽  
Dead Material ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Made In

A characteristic feature of malignant growths is the occurrence of degeneration, usually in the more central portions of the growth. It is therefore possible that antibodies might make their appearance in the blood plasma in respect of the dead material thus set free. The presence of such antibodies could be sought for in several ways, for example, by observing if any of the insoluble constituents of the tumour could be agglutinated or caused to dissolve, or any of the soluble constituents obtainable from the growth could be precipitated, by the blood serum of the hose. There is, however, another way of testing for the production of such antibodies, namely, by observing if the serum when mixed with the tumour, or with a watery or alcoholic extract of the tumour, can fix complement. In this case the method followed is an application of the observation of Bordet, that an immune serum contains a thermostable substance (amboceptor or immune body), which when mixed with the antigen which has been employed to determine its production is capable of absorbing complement. So far as I can ascertain from a search of the literature of complement deviation, no investigation on these lines has, up to the present, been made in connection with malignant growths. It was therefore, decided to test for the presence of antibodies in respect of malignant growths, using in the first instance the method of complement fixation. For the purpose of investigation carcinoma of the mouse appeared exceedingly suitable, since it affords a condition which is readily producible and represents a single pathological entity, the same strain of tumour being inoculable from animal so long as may be desired. Only under such circumstances is it possible to make a comparative series of observations under conditions of experiment which are throughout identical in respect of the tumour employed.

Immune immobilization of Treponema pallidum: antibody and complement interactions revisited

1985 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 1147-1151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Rice ◽  
T. J. Fitzgerald
Keyword(s):  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Treponema Pallidum ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Complement Cascade ◽  
Classical Complement Pathway ◽  
Heat Labile ◽  
Serum Igg ◽  
Labile Component

The Treponema pallidum immobilization test was designed for serodiagnosis of syphilis and is dependent upon specific antibody and a heat labile component of normal serum. Investigators have shown the component to be dependent upon divalent cations and it is presumed to be complement. Experiments were performed to reevaluate the interactions of antibody and complement and the mechanism of immobilization. The loss of treponemal motility was correlated to the loss of complement activity in the reaction mixture. When motility of treponemes incubated with immune serum IgG and complement had dropped to 50% (3.4 h), 72% of the available complement had been consumed. At the same time, treponemes incubated with normal serum IgG and complement were 82% motile and only 51% of the complement had been consumed. C6 deficient rabbit serum and C4 deficient guinea pig serum were used in conjunction with immune serum IgG to determine which components of the complement cascade were necessary for immobilization. Treponemes were not immobilized by either sera. Results suggest that the heat labile factor in normal sera is complement, that both early and late components of the complement cascade are necessary, and that the reaction proceeds via the classical complement pathway. Although T. pallidum is susceptible to the actions of antibody and complement, the organisms must interact with these components for at least 2 h before immobilization will result.

Antiheparin Activity of Human Serum and Platelet Factor 4

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (01) ◽  
pp. 093-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.H.J Sear ◽  
L Poller ◽  
F.R.C Path
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Platelet Factor ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Antiheparin Activity

SummaryThe antiheparin activity of normal serum has been studied by comparing the antiheparin activities of sera obtained from normal whole blood, platelet-rich plasma and platelet-’free’ plasma with a purified platelet extract during differential isoelectric precipitation and by gel filtration chromatography.The mean values for the activity of PRP-serum and PFP-serum were 106% (S.D. 11) and 10% (S.D. 3) of untreated whole blood respectively. The activity of whole blood serum, PRP serum and whole blood serum plus platelet extract precipitated under identical physical conditions, i.e. pH 7.0, I =0.008, indicating that the activities of the three samples are probably associated with PF4. PF4 precipitated from human platelet extract at pH 4.0, but this is probably due to the difference in the two biochemical environments investigated, i.e. serum and platelet extract.The gel filtration experiments revealed striking similarities between the major antiheparin activities of serum and platelet extract. At physiological pH and ionic strength both activities were associated with high molecular weight material, but at physiological pH and elevated ionic strength both activities behaved as much smaller entities of molecular weight between 25,000 and 30,000 daltons and it seems very likely that both activities are associated with the same molecule, i.e. PF4.

scholarly journals Whole blood and blood components from vertebrates differentially affect egg formation in three species of anautogenous mosquitoes

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruby E. Harrison ◽  
Mark R. Brown ◽  
Michael R. Strand
Keyword(s):  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Vertebrate Host ◽  
Cell Protein ◽  
Blood Components ◽  
Blood Proteins ◽  
Serum Albumins ◽  
Egg Formation ◽  
Reproductive Response

Abstract Background Most female mosquitoes are anautogenous and must blood feed on a vertebrate host to produce eggs. Prior studies show that the number of eggs females lay per clutch correlates with the volume of blood ingested and that protein is the most important macronutrient for egg formation. In contrast, how whole blood, blood fractions and specific blood proteins from different vertebrates affect egg formation is less clear. Since egg formation is best understood in Aedes aegypti, we examined how blood and blood components from different vertebrates affect this species and two others: the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae and arbovirus vector Culex quinquefasciatus. Methods Adult female mosquitoes were fed blood, blood fractions and purified major blood proteins from different vertebrate hosts. Markers of reproductive response including ovary ecdysteroidogenesis, yolk deposition into oocytes and number of mature eggs produced were measured. Results Ae. aegypti, An. gambiae and C. quinquefasciatus responded differently to meals of whole blood, plasma or blood cells from human, rat, chicken and turkey hosts. We observed more similarities between the anthropophiles Ae. aegypti and An. gambiae than the ornithophile C. quinquefasciatus. Focusing on Ae. aegypti, the major plasma-derived proteins (serum albumin, fibrinogen and globulins) differentially stimulated egg formation as a function of vertebrate host source. The major blood cell protein, hemoglobin, stimulated yolk deposition when from pigs but not humans, cows or sheep. Serum albumins from different vertebrates also variably affected egg formation. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) stimulated ovary ecdysteroidogenesis, but more weakly induced digestive enzyme activities than whole blood. In contrast, BSA-derived peptides and free amino acids had no stimulatory effects on ecdysteroidogenesis or yolk deposition into oocytes. Conclusions Whole blood, blood fractions and specific blood proteins supported egg formation in three species of anautogenous mosquitoes but specific responses varied with the vertebrate source of the blood components tested.

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