scholarly journals THE LOCALIZED ACTION ON THE SPINAL CORD OF INTRAMUSCULARLY INJECTED TETANUS TOXIN

1942 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 465-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
George H. Acheson ◽  
Oscar D. Ratnoff ◽  
Emanuel B. Schoenbach
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Tetanus Toxin ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Motor Nerve ◽  
Single Stimulus ◽  
Altered State ◽  
Local Tetanus ◽  
Reflex Arc ◽  
Motor Nerves

Local tetanus limited to one leg was studied in cats after intramuscular injection of tetanus toxin. 1. The electric and mechanical response of the affected muscle after a single stimulus to the intact sensory-motor nerve is greater in amplitude and duration than the response of the corresponding muscle of the unaffected leg (Fig. 1). 2. This augmented response of the muscle is associated with an augmented response arising from the ipsilateral portion of the spinal cord, while the contralateral part of the cord is unaffected, as demonstrated by electrographic records from the motor nerves (Figs. 2 to 5). 3. The augmented muscular response is abolished when the reflex arc is broken, but the augmented response in the spinal cord is independent of changes in the muscle, the neuromuscular junction, the afferent and efferent peripheral nerves, and the dorsal root ganglia. 4. The augmented spinal response develops in the absence of the peripheral signs of local tetanus. Hence the pathogenesis of the altered state in the spinal cord is independent of the peripheral effects of the toxin. 5. In local tetanus, therefore, the toxin injected intramuscularly acts selectively upon the segments of the spinal cord which supply the innervation of the injected area. 6. The augmented spinal response may be prevented by section of the nerve trunks supplying the area of injection prior to the injection of the toxin. 7. It is concluded that in local tetanus the toxin is carried to the spinal cord by way of peripheral nerves.

scholarly journals I. On the action of cobra venom.—Parts I and II

1918 ◽  
Vol 208 (348-359) ◽  
pp. 1-36 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Phrenic Nerve ◽  
Artificial Respiration ◽  
Motor Nerve ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Motor Nerves ◽  
Respiratory Centre ◽  
Thoracic Muscles ◽  
Peripheral Motor

The work of Fayrer(1), and afterwards of Brunton and Fayrer(2), established the fact that in cobra poisoning the failure of the respiration is the cause of death, the circulation surviving for some time after the breathing ceases, and the heart continuing to beat for hours if the aëration of the blood is maintained by artificial respiration. They satisfied themselves that a curara-like paralysis of the motor nerve ends occurs in certain conditions, but they remained in doubt whether the failure of the respiration is entirely due to this, and were inclined to believe that it is due in part to paralysis of the respiratory centre; the phrenic nerve proved insensible to the strongest stimuli in some experiments, while the sciatic remained irritable, and there was a want of co-ordination of the diaphragmatic and thoracic muscles in others, which appeared to arise from paralysis of the phrenic nerve. In 1883 A. J. Wall (3) concluded that, while the peripheral motor nerves are weakened, this is accompanied by a similar weakening of the central nervous system, and especially of the spinal cord.

scholarly journals Studies on the flexor reflex.-III. The central effects produced by an antidromic volley

1931 ◽  
Vol 107 (754) ◽  
pp. 557-585 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Nerve Cell ◽  
Motor Nerve ◽  
Ventral Root ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Flexor Reflex ◽  
Central Effects ◽  
Reflex Arc ◽  
Antidromic Volley

In 1822 Magendie demonstrated that no reflex activities were evoked by impulses passing into the spinal cord by a ventral root. This result has been confirmed and extended by other investigators who showed that no action currents can be detected in other nerves when the central end of a cut ventral root is stimulated (Mislawski, 1895; Bernstein, 1898). Attempts have been made to account for the irreversibility of conduction in the reflex arc by postulating a “dynamical polarisation” of the nerve cell so that the conduction would be solely from dendrite to axon, never the reverse (cajal, 1891; van Gehuchten, 1900). The antidromic impulses “back-fired” into a motoneurone might, however, be blocked at the synapse (sherrington, 1900, p. 798). It seems unlikely that the conduction of nerve impulses in the cell body and dendrites of a motoneurone would differ fundamentally from the conduction in peripheral nerve fibres, e. g ., that impulses passing along the dendrites would suffer an irreciprocal decrement. In the present paper it has been assumed that antidromic impulses in motor nerve fibres are blocked at the synapses of the motoneurones.

Electrical Stimulation of the Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerves for Pain Control

1981 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 207-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don M. Long ◽  
Donald Erickson ◽  
James Campbell ◽  
Richard North
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Pain Control ◽  
Stimulation Of

The Golgi Material of the Neurones of the Central Nervous System of Sheep Infected with Louping-Ill

1947 ◽  
Vol s3-88 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-63
Author(s):  
R. A. R. GRESSON ◽  
I. ZLOTNIK
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Medulla Oblongata ◽  
Motor Nerve ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Cell Processes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Louping Ill

1. The Golgi material of the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex, the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, and the multipolar cells of the medulla oblongata and ventral horns of the spinal cord of the sheep is present as filaments and as irregularly shaped bodies. In some of the cells, particularly in the lamb (Sheep V), the Golgi material has the appearance of a network. As it is frequently present as separate bodies it is suggested that it may always consist of discrete Golgi elements which are sometimes situated in close proximity or in contact with one another. Filamentous Golgi elements are present in the basal part of the cell processes. 2. An examination of neurones from the corresponding regions of the central nervous system of sheep infected experimentally with louping-ill showed that the Golgi material undergoes changes consequent upon the invasion of the cells by the virus. The Golgi material undergoes hypertrophy, and at the same time there is a reduction in the number of filamentous Golgi elements and a reduction in the amount of Golgi substance present in the cell processes. These changes are followed by fragmentation. All the neurones of a particular region are not affected equally at the same time. The Golgi material of the Purkinje cells tends to form groups in the cytoplasm prior to fragmentation. In the multipolar cells of the medulla oblongata the hypertrophy of the Golgi material is not as great as in the other regions of the central nervous system. The Golgi material of the motor nerve-cells of the ventral horns of the spinal cord undergoes considerable hypertrophy which is followed by a grouping of the Golgi elements and fragmentation.

Very Early Neurophysiological Study in Guillain-Barre Syndrome

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 100-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaoting Jin ◽  
Fangfang Hu ◽  
Xing Qin ◽  
Xuan Liu ◽  
Min Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Conduction ◽  
Nerve Conduction Velocity ◽  
Tibial Nerve ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Motor Nerve ◽  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Motor Nerve Conduction ◽  
Abnormal Rate ◽  
Motor Nerves

Purpose: The diagnosis of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) in the very early stage may be challenging. Our aim was to report the neurophysiological abnormalities in GBS within 4 days of clinical onset. We expected that GBS will be diagnosed by the assistance of neurophysiological study in the very early stage. Methods: We prospectively recruited patients with a diagnosis of GBS discharged from First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University and Xi Jing Hospital. Patients were classified into 3 groups according to the onset of symptoms to electromyography examination interval (OEI). The neurophysiological findings were carried out using standard procedures. All patients were examined by the same experienced neurophysiologist. Results: There were not significant group differences in abnormal rate, distal motor latency (DML), motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV), F response (FR), compound muscle action potential (CMAP), conduction block (CB), sensory nerve action potential (SNAP), and sensory nerve conduction velocity among OEI ≤4 days, 4< OEI ≤10 days, and OEI > 10 days groups. Motor nerves were more affected than sensory nerves in neurophysiological presentation in very early stage patients. The difference of motor nerves and sensory nerves was statistically significant in lower limbs, but was not in upper limbs. In motor nerve conduction studies, the abnormal rate of DML, MNCV, FR, CB was more common seen in ulnar and peroneal nerve than median and tibial nerve, the abnormal rate of CMAP was the same in ulnar, median, peroneal and tibial nerve. In sensory nerve conduction studies, the abnormal rate of ulnar nerve and median nerve was higher than the superficial peroneal nerve and sural nerve. The OEI was not correlated with the SNAP decrease rate of median (r = 0.10, p = 0.23) and ulnar (r = 0.26, p = 0.06) but was statistically correlated with sural SNAP decrease rate (r = 0.29, p = 0.04). The sural-sparing pattern phenomenon was the most commonly discovered phenomenon in very early stage patients (OEI ≤4 days), followed by patients with 4< OEI ≤10 days, ultimately found in patients with OEI > 10 days. Conclusions: We suggest performing neurophysiological examination as soon as possible for suspected GBS patients, particularly focusing on multi-spots inspection of ulnar and peroneal nerves, and paying close attention to sural-sparing patterns.

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