scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION ON VARIOUS PROPERTIES OF INFLUENZA VIRUSES

1947 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner Henle ◽  
Gertrude Henle
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Virus Particle ◽  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Ultraviolet Irradiation ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Interference Phenomenon

The effect of ultraviolet irradiation on various properties of the influenza viruses Types A and B has been analyzed. The studies involved propagation and interference in the allantoic sac of the chick embryo, inhibition of embryonic development, toxicity for white mice, hemagglutination including the adsorption-elution mechanism, immunizing capacity for mice and, finally, complement fixation activities in the presence of antibodies to the 600S antigen (human convalescent and postvaccination sera) and the 30S antigen (convalescent sera only). It has been shown that the various activities of the influenza viruses were affected by irradiation at different rates, indicating that they are based, at least in part, on different constituents of the virus particle. On account of these differences in the susceptibility of the various properties to ultraviolet light it was possible (a) to differentiate between the interference phenomenon as observed in the allantoic sac, and the development of non-agglutinability in red cells by either homologous or heterologous fresh virus, and (b) to separate individual steps involved in the mechanism of infection of susceptible host cells. The implications of these findings are discussed.

scholarly journals THE DEMONSTRATION OF ONE-STEP GROWTH CURVES OF INFLUENZA VIRUSES THROUGH THE BLOCKING EFFECT OF IRRADIATED VIRUS ON FURTHER INFECTION

1947 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 423-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner Henle ◽  
Gertrude Henle ◽  
Evelyn B. Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Growth Curves ◽  
Allantoic Fluid ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Interference Phenomenon ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
One Step ◽  
Heterologous Virus

After allantoic injection of chick embryos with a known amount of influenza virus, the process of adsorption of the agent onto host cells and infection of them can be interrupted at a given time by the administration of large quantities of heterologous virus inactivated by irradiation. A sudden great increase in the amount of free virus in the allantoic fluid occurring after 6 hours in the case of the PR8 strain, and 9 hours in that of the Lee strain, indicates that the untreated virus associated with the host cells has multiplied. The length of the period preliminary to this increase remains the same even though the concentration of the original inoculum is varied over a wide range. Since administration of the irradiated virus leaves no susceptible host cells, because of the interference phenomenon, and further adsorption of active virus is minimized or entirely prevented, practically the entire new increment of virus can be found in the allantoic fluid and assayed; for every ID50 adsorbed about 50 ID50 are released. Homologous irradiated virus, on the other hand, when injected after infection of the allantoic sac, reduces the yield of virus to a more or less considerable extent. Some inhibitory effect can still be observed when the homologous irradiated virus is given several hours after infection. This effect is linked to the virus particle and destroyed by prolonged irradiation.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON HOST-VIRUS INTERACTIONS IN THE CHICK EMBRYO-INFLUENZA VIRUS SYSTEM

1949 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner Henle
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Allantoic Fluid ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Active Virus ◽  
Homologous Virus ◽  
Host Virus Interactions

Experiments have been reported on the propagation of influenza viruses in the allantoic membrane of the developing chick embryo during the first infectious cycle. After adsorption of the seed virus onto the host cells, only a small percentage of it remains demonstrable by infectivity titrations. This amount remains constant for 4 hours in the case of infection with PR8 virus, and for 6 hours in that of infection with Lee virus. Thereafter, a sharp rise in infectivity occurs 2 to 3 hours before liberation of the new generations of active virus into the allantoic fluid can be detected. Injection of homologous virus, inactivated by ultraviolet irradiation, following infection prevents or delays the production of virus in the tissues, depending to some extent upon the number of ID50 of active virus used as inoculum. The smaller the dose, the more pronounced the inhibitory effect. With increasing delay in the injection of the inhibitor, progressively more virus is produced and liberated 6 and 9 hours after infection with PR8 and Lee virus, respectively. Thus, production of virus may be interrupted by the homologous inhibitor when given up to 3 hours after infection with PR8, and up to4½ hours after infection with Lee virus. Since no increase in infectivity can bedetected during these 3 and 4½ hour periods in the tissues, it is suggested that influenza virus propagates in at least two major stages: first, non-infectious, immature virus material is produced which, subsequently, is converted into the fully active agent. Presumably the first step can be interrupted by the homologous inhibitor, while the second cannot. Heterologous irradiated virus, injected after infection of the tissue, exerts only a slight inhibitory effect on the production of virus.

scholarly journals The effects of UK 2054 on the multiplication of influenza viruses

1970 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Barry ◽  
Patricia Davies
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Virus Multiplication ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Virus Infectivity ◽  
Virus Growth ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Embryo Fibroblasts

SummaryThe isoquinoline compound UK 2054 prevents the uptake of influenza virus by susceptible cells. Pre-incubation of virus particles with 500μg./ml. UK 2054 at 37°C. for 2 hr. does not reduce virus infectivity. Host cells vary in their responsiveness to the inhibitory effect of UK 2054; virus multiplication is inhibited in chick allantoic cells by lower concentrations than those required to inhibit virus growth in chick embryo fibroblasts. The effectiveness of UK 2054 is reduced by the presence of serum.It is concluded that inhibition of influenza virus multiplication by UK2054 might result from interaction of the inhibitor with both virus and cells. Any direct combination between inhibitor and virus is completely reversible.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON HOST-VIRUS INTERACTIONS IN THE CHICK EMBRYO-INFLUENZA VIRUS SYSTEM

1951 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner Henle ◽  
Oscar C. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Virus Particle ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Infective Virus ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Partial Inactivation ◽  
Host Virus Interactions ◽  
Virus Interactions

Evidence has been presented that influenza viruses both of type A and B partially inactivated by ultraviolet irradiation may regain their capacity to propagate in the allantoic membrane of the chick embryo. In using such irradiated preparations as inocula for growth curve experiments it could be shown that the development of hemagglutinins as well as of infectivity preceded at rates resembling those noted with more than 10 times the amount of infective virus actually found in the irradiated seed. Partial inactivation of the inocula by heating to 56°C. gave similar results. The phenomenon was observed only with seed irradiated for short periods of time so that the virus particles sustained only few hits of radiation. On prolonged exposure resulting in numerous hits per virus particle the capacity of reactivation was lost. Likewise, an irradiated preparation capable of reactivation in the allantoic membrane, could not be diluted more than about 30-fold and still clearly produce this phenomenon. This indicated that reactivation is obtained only when one host cell adsorbs more than one non-infective virus particle but not upon adsorption of a single particle. These data are in striking agreement with the phenomenon of "multiplicity reactivation" observed in the bacteriophage-E. coli system by Luria and Dulbecco.

scholarly journals INTERFERENCE BETWEEN THE INFLUENZA VIRUSES

1944 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Ziegler ◽  
George I. Lavin ◽  
Frank L. Horsfall
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Interference Phenomenon ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Virus System

Influenza A or influenza B virus rendered non-infective by ultraviolet radiation was found to be capable of producing interference with the multiplication of active influenza viruses in the chick embryo. Certain temporal and quantitative relationships affecting the interference phenomenon with this host-virus system were studied. An hypothesis of the mechanism of interference between the influenza viruses is proposed and discussed.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF CORTISONE ON EXPERIMENTAL VIRAL INFECTION

1966 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Marilyn Smart ◽  
Edwin D. Kilbourne
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽  
Allantoic Fluid ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Present System ◽  
Interferon Production ◽  
Hydrocortisone Administration ◽  
Experimental Viral Infection

A comparative study was undertaken of the pathogenesis of infection of the allantoic sac of the chick embryo with three influenza viruses of differing virulence, and of the influence of hydrocortisone on the course of infection. Judged on the basis of earlier onset and greater degree of inflammatory response and diminished survival time of infected embryos, Mel. and Lee viruses were markedly more virulent than PR8, despite the earlier appearance of virus in PR8-infected embryos. Interferon appeared first and in greater quantity in the allantoic fluid of Lee-infected embryos and latest with PR8 infection. Thus, there was no correlation of avirulence and better interferon production with the viruses under study in the present system. Furthermore, evidence obtained suggested that Lee virus ("virulent") was most susceptible to interferon action, and also that viral synthesis in the chorioallantoic membrane with PR8 ("avirulent") persisted after the appearance of interferon. The injection of hydrocortisone within 2 hr of the initiation of infection delayed the synthesis of all three viruses; had no significant effect upon the inflammatory response; and transiently inhibited the synthesis of interferon, while prolonging the survival of Lee- and Mel.-infected embryos. Late administration of hydrocortisone suppresses both the inflammatory response and the production of interferon. Only in the case of Lee virus infection did hydrocortisone administration lead to augmentation of final yields of virus with the low infection multiplicity employed in the present experiments. It is postulated that Lee virus is a better inducer of interferon because its infectivity in vivo is more rapidly inactivated. As a consequence synthesis of Lee virus is more under the control of endogenous interferon than is the case with PR8 or Mel. virus. Therefore, inhibition of interferon synthesis with hydrocortisone has a greater influence on final yields of Lee virus.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON INFLUENZA VIRUS

1941 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 581-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin H. Lennette ◽  
Frank L. Horsfall
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Soluble Antigen ◽  
Swine Virus ◽  
Specific Fixation ◽  
Mouse Lungs

Influenza complement fixation tests designed for use with ferret serum are described. Complement-fixing antigens derived from influenza ferret lungs were unsatisfactory due to their low content of soluble antigen; those prepared from mouse lungs or developing chick embryo membranes proved to be better antigenically and were reliable when the various reagents in the test were properly adjusted to eliminate non-specific fixation of complement. The results of cross complement fixation tests indicated that the soluble antigens of the PR8 and W.S. strains of influenza A virus were closely similar, if not identical. They indicated also that the soluble antigen of swine virus possessed components present in the antigens of the human strains of virus.

Etude ultrastructurale des relations hôte–parasite au cours de l'infection des pommes par le Phytophthora cactorum

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Mourichon ◽  
G. Sallé
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Susceptible Variety ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Phytophthora Cactorum ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Extrahaustorial Matrix ◽  
Apple Fruits

An electron microscopic study was performed on haustoria of Phytophthora cactorum (L. et C.) Schroeter developed in tissues of two cultivars of apple fruits: a susceptible variety ('Golden delicious') and a resistant one ('Belle de Boskoop'). Ultrastructure of intercellular hyphae and some aspects of their penetration between contiguous host cells were described. A light dissolution of the host cell walls was observed. Ontogenic investigations indicated that in the susceptible host, the wall of the fungal haustoria was covered with a dense-stained extrahaustorial matrix. Its origin and its polysaccharide nature were demonstrated. On the other hand, the resistant host developed, immediately after the inoculation, a papilla which gave rise, later on, to a sheath enclosing adult haustoria. The role of these callosic structures in the phenomenon of resistance was discussed.

scholarly journals Exposure of ichnovirus particles to digitonin leads to enhanced infectivity and induces fusion from without in an in vitro model system

2007 ◽  
Vol 88 (11) ◽  
pp. 2977-2984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don Stoltz ◽  
Renée Lapointe ◽  
Andrea Makkay ◽  
Michel Cusson
Keyword(s):  
Outer Membrane ◽  
In Vitro Model ◽  
Model System ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Fusion Event ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
In Vitro Model System ◽  
Vitro Model

Unlike most viruses, the mature ichnovirus particle possesses two unit membrane envelopes. Following loss of the outer membrane in vivo, nucleocapsids are believed to gain entry into the cytosol via a membrane fusion event involving the inner membrane and the plasma membrane of susceptible host cells; accordingly, experimentally induced damage to the outer membrane might be expected to increase infectivity. Here, in an attempt to develop an in vitro model system for studying ichnovirus infection, we show that digitonin-induced disruption of the virion outer membrane not only increases infectivity, but also uncovers an activity not previously associated with any polydnavirus: fusion from without.

The influence of acridine dyes and caffeine on recovery from ultraviolet damage in Eudorina elegans

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 1849-1854 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Kemp ◽  
K. M. Malloy
Keyword(s):  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Acridine Orange ◽  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Ultraviolet Irradiation ◽  
Repair Process ◽  
Repair System ◽  
Acridine Dyes ◽  
Dark Survival ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Ultraviolet Damage

Caffeine and the acridine dyes, acridine orange and acriflavine, were used to examine the repair potential in Eudorina elegans following ultraviolet irradiation. Acridines blocked photoreactivation primarily as a result of absorption of photoreactivating wavelengths, but acridines did not influence dark survival. Therefore, an acridine-sensitive excision–resynthesis–repair process is absent in Eudorina.Caffeine decreased both dark and light survival, the latter only after relatively high doses of ultraviolet light were used for inactivation. The caffeine-sensitive repair process appears to function most actively when the organisms are engaged in DNA synthesis, indicating that a postreplication–repair system exists in Eudorina. However, the data suggest that a repair system not associated with the DNA synthetic phases may also exist.

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