scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN THE RABBIT

1950 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 505-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Schwab ◽  
Frederick C. Moll ◽  
Thomas Hall ◽  
Henry Brean ◽  
Marjorie Kirk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Serum Albumin ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Bovine Serum ◽  
Antibody Formation ◽  
Nitrogen Mustard ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Serum Complement ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Circulating Antibody

X-radiation and nitrogen mustard administration inhibit the formation of precipitins for whole bovine serum and bovine serum gamma globulin in the rabbit. When specific antibody formation is inhibited by these agents, intravenous injection of a single large dose of bovine serum gamma globulin is not usually followed by the development of tissue lesions 9 to 11 days later, as occurs fairly regularly in control animals. A fall in titre of serum complement to very low levels for 3 to 5 days is closely correlated in time with the disappearance of antigen from the circulation following the intravenous injection of single large doses of bovine serum albumin and bovine serum gamma globulin. A rise in complement titre to normal levels occurs as antibodies appear in the serum. This sudden fall in complement titre is correlated with the development of characteristic lesions, and does not occur when antibody formation is inhibited. The data presented are interpreted as evidence in favor of the concept that the lesions are due to a reaction between antigen fixed in or on tissue cells and circulating antibody. The possible significance of serum complement in the pathogenesis of anaphylactic tissue lesions is discussed.

STUDIES ON THE IMMUNOLOGICAL SPECIFICITY OF AUTOLOGOUS GAMMA-GLOBULIN IN THE GLOMERULI OF RABBITS WITH EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 897-904
Author(s):  
A. L. Sherwin ◽  
A. Leznoff ◽  
M. Richter ◽  
B. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Serum Albumin ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Bovine Serum ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
High Titer ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody Technique ◽  
Antibody Technique ◽  
Immunological Specificity

Experimental glomerulonephritis was induced in rabbits by the intravenous administration of chicken antirabbit glomerulus serum (nephrotoxic serum). These rabbits were simultaneously immunized, either actively or passively, with bovine serum albumin or ovalbumin. Autologous gamma-globulin was identified in the glomeruli of these nephritic rabbits by means of the fluorescent antibody technique. It was not possible to demonstrate the presence of an anti-BSA or anti-OA component in the gamma-globulin even though these antibodies were present in high titer in the blood. This suggests that the autologous gamma-globulin present in the lesions is entirely specific antibody rather than an accumulation of serum gamma-globulin.

STUDIES ON THE IMMUNOLOGICAL SPECIFICITY OF AUTOLOGOUS GAMMA-GLOBULIN IN THE GLOMERULI OF RABBITS WITH EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 897-904
Author(s):  
A. L. Sherwin ◽  
A. Leznoff ◽  
M. Richter ◽  
B. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Serum Albumin ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Bovine Serum ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
High Titer ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody Technique ◽  
Antibody Technique ◽  
Immunological Specificity

Experimental glomerulonephritis was induced in rabbits by the intravenous administration of chicken antirabbit glomerulus serum (nephrotoxic serum). These rabbits were simultaneously immunized, either actively or passively, with bovine serum albumin or ovalbumin. Autologous gamma-globulin was identified in the glomeruli of these nephritic rabbits by means of the fluorescent antibody technique. It was not possible to demonstrate the presence of an anti-BSA or anti-OA component in the gamma-globulin even though these antibodies were present in high titer in the blood. This suggests that the autologous gamma-globulin present in the lesions is entirely specific antibody rather than an accumulation of serum gamma-globulin.

scholarly journals THE REQUIREMENT OF MORE THAN ONE ANTIGENIC DETERMINANT FOR IMMUNOGENICITY

1969 ◽  
Vol 129 (6) ◽  
pp. 1131-1143 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Rajewsky ◽  
V. Schirrmacher ◽  
S. Nase ◽  
N. K. Jerne
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Serum Albumin ◽  
Bovine Serum ◽  
Antigenic Determinant ◽  
Antibody Formation ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Sulfanilic Acid ◽  
Secondary Response ◽  
Acid Complex ◽  
Human Gamma Globulin ◽  
Secondary Stimulus

Rabbits primarily stimulated with a BSA (bovine serum albumin)-sulfanilic acid complex will produce a good secondary response to the sulfanilic acid hapten if the carrier used in the secondary stimulus is again BSA, and not if the secondary carrier is HGG (human gamma globulin). In the latter situation, a good secondary response is obtained, however, if the rabbits are pretreated a few weeks earlier with free HGG. We conclude that the immune stimulus involves the recognition of carrier determinants unrelated to the hapten. As the receptors for recognition of unrelated determinants are probably situated on different cells, we suggest that the immune stimulus leading to antibody formation requires the interaction of two antigen-bridged cells.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF SECONDARY INJECTIONS OF ANTIGEN UPON THE RETENTION IN LIVER OF A PRIMARY INJECTION

1958 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justine S. Garvey ◽  
Dan H. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Serum Albumin ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Bovine Serum ◽  
Liver Tissue ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Immunization Schedule ◽  
Native Protein ◽  
Intravenous Injections ◽  
Initial Injection ◽  
Circulating Antibody

The retention of antigen in rabbit liver tissue, resulting from a primary intravenous injection, is influenced by immunization brought about by subsequent intravenous injections of the same antigen. In rabbits given a single primary intravenous injection of radioactive antigen, the retention of radioactivity in liver tissue, after a period of 21 days, was greater than when the primary injection was followed by secondary injections of the same, but non-radioactive antigen. The results were similar for both S35-azohemocyanin and S35-azo-bovine-serum-albumin, except the hemocyanin was retained to a greater extent than the albumin. There was very little if any correlation between the number of secondary injections and retention of the initial injection. Quantitative antibody nitrogen data, obtained for the serum of each rabbit showed, in general, an inverse relationship between circulating antibody and radioactivity retained, i.e. the higher the circulating antibody titer, the lower the retention of radioactivity in liver tissue. Passively administered homologous antibody did not produce a change in the retention of the primary injection of antigen nor did secondary injections of a heterologous native protein injected according to the same immunization schedule as the homologous azoprotein. From these results it may be concluded that an intracellular antibody-forming activity influences the loss (or retention) of antigen deposited in liver tissue and that the mechanism is immunologically specific.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON ANTIBODY PRODUCTION

1963 ◽  
Vol 117 (6) ◽  
pp. 1035-1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria C. Michaelides ◽  
Albert H. Coons
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Serum Albumin ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Bovine Serum ◽  
Antibody Formation ◽  
Culture Fluid ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Plasma Clot ◽  
Anamnestic Response ◽  
Hind Foot ◽  
High Concentrations

Rabbits were injected into the hind foot with diphtheria toxoid and bovine serum albumin. Fragments of popliteal lymph node taken from them several months later were placed in plasma-clot cultures with Eagle's medium. When antigen was added to the culture fluid, anamnestic antibody responses occurred regularly. When the antigen was diphtheria, responsiveness remained for 4 days after the beginning of the culture. When it was bovine serum albumin, responsiveness lasted for about 8 days. Once an anamnestic response had begun, antibody formation continued for 4 weeks or more. High concentrations of bovine serum albumin (0.5 mg/ml) did not inhibit the response. When both antigens were used to stimulate the same culture, it was found that the two responses were independent.

Immunotolerance to Insulin and Freund's Adjuvant

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 865-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Moloney ◽  
M. A. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Serum Albumin ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Bovine Serum ◽  
Antibody Formation ◽  
Essential Factor ◽  
Incomplete Freund’S Adjuvant ◽  
Freund’S Adjuvant ◽  
Complete Freund's Adjuvant ◽  
Freund's Adjuvant ◽  
Induction Of Tolerance

Prior injections of incomplete Freund's Adjuvant with saline did not suppress antibody formation by ox insulin. This finding is in contrast to that of Jankovic (Colloq. Int. Cent. Nat. Rech. Sci. 116, 187 (1963)), namely that prior injection of complete Freund's Adjuvant suppressed antibody formation to bovine serum albumin. The essential factor in the induction of tolerance to insulin by injection of maleyl insulin in incomplete Freund's Adjuvant is maleyl insulin.

scholarly journals THE TERMINATION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL UNRESPONSIVENESS TO BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN IN RABBITS

1970 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Benjamin ◽  
W. O. Weigle
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Serum Albumin ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Normal Control ◽  
Bovine Serum ◽  
Antibody Formation ◽  
Simultaneous Injection ◽  
Equivalent Age ◽  
Immunological Status

Rabbits made unresponsive to BSA at birth were given two courses of immunization with various cross-reacting albumins at 3 months of age. Normal control rabbits, of equivalent age and weight, were similarly immunized. Sera obtained 7 days after the last injection were assayed for binding and precipitating antibody to six albumins and for their avidity for BSA. No significant differences were found between unresponsive and normal rabbits in the amount of antibody reacting with any of the six albumins used. This was the case regardless which albumin was used to terminate the unresponsive state. Avidity differences were seen and seemed to depend on the antigen used and not on the immunological status of the animal. The simultaneous injection of small amounts of BSA inhibited the termination of unresponsiveness. These results were discussed in the light of the more recent theories of the termination of unresponsiveness and of antibody formation.

ANTI-BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN AND ANTI-ALPHA LACTALBUMIN IN THE SERUM OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-588
Author(s):  
Richard M. Rothberg ◽  
Richard S. Farr
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Serum Albumin ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Bovine Serum ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
Positive Skin ◽  
Antigen Antibody ◽  
Alpha Lactalbumin

1. Because precipitin, hemagglutination, and complement-fixation tests measure secondary manifestations of antigen-antibody interactions and are sometimes negative even after a primary antigen-antibody reaction has occurred in vitro, the incidence and amount of anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) was evaluated in the sera from 900 children and adults by means of precipitating I131-labeled BSA-antibody complexes with 50% saturated ammonium sulfate. A similar study using I131-labeled alpha lactalbumin (ALA) was performed on 718 of this same group of sera. 2. Antibody to BSA was detected more frequently among children (75%) than among young adults 16 to 40 years of age (25%), or among older age groups (8%). 3. The incidence of detectable antibody to ALA had the same age distribution, but only half the frequency as anti-BSA. 4. In contrast to the near absence of antibody in the cord serum as measured by hemagglutination titers using red cells coated with milk proteins, most of the antibody detected in maternal sera in the present study was able to cross the placental barrier and was present in the cord sera. 5. The incidence of both anti-BSA or anti-ALA was the same in males and females. 6. If a given sera bound both IBSA and IALA, the anti-BSA activity was usually, but not always, greater than the anti-ALA activity. 7. No shared antigenicity was detected between IBSA and ovalbumin, insulin, protamine, diptheria, and tetanus toxoid, pertussis vaccine, poliomyelitis vaccine, and influenza vaccine. The apparent inhibiting effects of unlabeled bovine gamma-globulin and ALA on IBSA binding were probably due to trace amounts of BSA in these protein preparations. 8. BSA, ovalbumin, and bovine gamma-globulin had no detectable shared anti-genicity with IALA. 9. Positive skin tests to milk or BSA did not correlate with the anti-BSA levels measured in the serum. 10. The incidence of persons with anti-BSA and anti-ALA was comparable among the "patient" and "well" populations. Ten of the 31 sera with the greatest capacity to bind IBSA were from the "well" population, the remaining 21 sera were from children with a variety of disease states.

scholarly journals HISTOLOGICAL AND SEROLOGICAL SEQUENCES IN EXPERIMENTAL HYPERSENSITIVITY

1947 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
pp. 571-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clinton Van Zandt Hawn ◽  
Charles A. Janeway
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Serum Albumin ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Bovine Serum ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Protein Solutions ◽  
Pathological Lesions ◽  
Intravenous Injections ◽  
Foreign Proteins ◽  
Antigen Antibody

1. Groups of normal rabbits were given, single intravenous injections of foreign proteins in doses of 1 gm. per kilo, bled at regular intervals for serologic studies, and sacrificed after varying lengths of time for pathological studies. The protein solutions used were of crystallized bovine serum albumin, bovine serum gamma globulin, and bovine serum. The experiments were planned, first, to correlate the sequence of pathological and immunological changes, and second, to compare the responses to two chemically and immunologically distinct plasma protein fractions and to the whole serum of the same species. 2. (a) The principal pathological lesions in rabbits given bovine serum were similar to those which have been previously observed following, the injection of horse serum and were characterized by widely dispersed but segmental acute inflammatory lesions of the arteries. These lesions were at their height 2 weeks after injection and showed marked repair at 4 weeks. (b) Crystallized bovine serum albumin produced lesions almost exclusively confined to the arteries which were at their height at 2 weeks, were healing at 3, and healed by 4 weeks. The lesions were less numerous and less intense than in animals given whole serum and were only found in some of the animals. (c) Bovine serum gamma globulin elicited quite different histologic sequences. The most striking lesions involved the glomeruli of the kidneys, and to a lesser degree, the heart. Lesions in the liver and joints were present but less conspicuous, and arterial lesions were rare and slight in degree. The lesions not only differed from those in rabbits given albumin in distribution but in timing, since they were most widespread and acute at 1 week and were healing at 2 weeks after injection. Moreover, lesions were observed in almost every animal. 3. Results of immunological studies were consistent with the interpretation that the pathological lesions were due to an antigen-antibody reaction in the tissues, as shown by the following: (a) Acute lesions were only observed when antigen was present and before antibody appeared in the circulation. (b) Healing of lesions was only observed (with one exception) when antigen had almost or completely disappeared from the circulation, usually with the appearance of antibody. (c) There was a correlation between the rapidity of evolution of the lesions and the rapidity with which the antigen disappeared from the circulation. (d) There was a rough correlation between the proportion of animals showing lesions and the proportion developing antibodies after the injection of a particular protein solution.

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