DISTRIBUTION OF PLASMODIUM PARASITES CAUSING MALARIA AMONG LOCAL CHICKENS IN SALAHUDDIN PROVINCE , IRAQ.

This study included two stages, the first one was as epidemiological study of malaria in the local chickens of variuos areas in Salahuddin province the infection rate was 3.16 % out of 433 samples taken. There was different blood stages of the parasite which are represented by trophzoites, schizonts and to less extent gametocytes. The second stage was the experimental study,which showed the ability of induction of infection (subinoculation technique). Prepatent period was represented by the presence of trophozoites m schizonts and gametocytes. The most important clinical signs was partial paralysis , dullness and emaciation. The pathological changes showed congestion and enlargement of liver and spleen. congestion of brain with absence of exo-erythrocytic mild lymphocytosis in the infected group. it was concluded the ability of diagnosis of avian malaria using human malaria antigen by the indirect fluorescence antibody technique.

COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN ROTA VIRUSES ISOLATED FROM DIARRHEATIC INFANT BABIES AND NEWLY BORN CALVES

Rota viruses were isolated in vero continuous cell line from infant babies and newly borne calves affected by diarrhea after treatment in every passage with 10 mg/ml of trypsin and adding 0.5 mg/ml of trypsin in the maintenance media. The isolated viruses induced distinctive and progressive type of cytopatheic effect in infected cells and highest titer was 2x10 6. TCID,50/0.1 for bovine viral isolate. The isolated 50/0.1 for human viral isolate and 2x10 » viruses were identified by indirect fluorescent antibody technique by using reference calf rotavirus antisera. Comparative study were conducted on both human and bovine viral isolate including growth in different cell culture, vero cell line was very sensitive to support growth of both viruses than secondary embryonic calf kidney cell culture, lamb testes and primary embryonic chicken fibroblast cell culture. Both viruses induced morphologically similar kind or plaques in vero cell line but plaqes formed by human isolate were larger in size about 1.5 - 2.5 mm in diameter than those of bovine isolate 1.5 - 2 mm. Cross reactive viral antigens were detected between the isolated viruses in indirect fluorescent antibody technique but not in serum neutralization test by using reference bovine rotavirus antisera.

Situasi Rabies pada Anjing dan Kucing di Wilayah Layanan Balai Besar Veteriner Maros Tahun 2018

Rabies merupakan salah satu penyakit zoonosis yang masih terjadi pada beberapa propinsi di wilayah layanan Balai Besar Veteriner Maros. Beberapa kabupaten menunjukkan kasus yang meningkat dalam setahun. Pengujian terhadap sampel otak anjing dan kucing telah dilakukan menggunakan metode fluorescent antibody technique (FAT). Sampel pengujian berasal dari kiriman dinas kabupaten/kota dan diambil di lapangan dari anjing dan kucing tersangka rabies saat pelayanan aktif. Sebanyak 559 sampel otak anjing dan kucing telah diuji dengan FAT tahun 2018, 45 sampel diantaranya berasal dari kucing. Kajian retrospektif ini dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui proporsi dan ratio hasil pengujian, distribusi dan frekuensi penyakit rabies. Sebanyak 285 sampel otak anjing dan kucing menunjukkan positif rabies dari 559 sampel yang diuji, atau proporsi uji rabiesnya sebesar 50,98%. Ratio uji FAT pada anjing dan kucing secara keseluruhan sebesar 51% positif rabies, 49% negatif rabies atau 1:1. Rabies pada tahun 2018 telah terjadi di 17 kabupaten/kota, dengan frekuensi tertinggi terjadi di Kabupaten Toraja Utara. Untuk rabies pada kucing di kabupaten Toraja Utara menunjukkan proporsi sebesar 28,89%, sedangkan pada anjing 55,33%. Rasio uji rabies pada kucing di kabupaten Toraja Utara, 29% positif FAT dan 71% negatif FAT atau 1:2,5, sedangkan pada anjing 55% positif FAT dan 45% negatif FAT atau 1,2:1. Berdasarkan data kasus bulanan rabies, rabies ditemukan tiap bulan dengan frekuensi tertinggi terjadi pada bulan Oktober.

In vitro methods for rabies virus detection, and evaluation of their use in the production of rabies immunoglobulin

Current highly sensitive methods for rabies virus and rabies antibodies detection in biological material can be used not only for diagnosis and experimental research, but also for the production of antirabies medicines used for postexposure prophylaxis. The aim of the study was to analyse existing methods for rabies virus and rabies antibodies detection and to assess the potential for using these methods at the control stages during production of heterologous antirabies immunoglobulin obtained from equine serum. The search for cutting-edge highly sensitive in vitro control methods that could compete with the biological method, which is the main method used in antirabies immunoglobulin control, is an important prerequisite for improvement of the production technology and the quality of antirabies medicines. The study demonstrated that the following test methods can be used in the production of antirabies immunoglobulin: fluorescent antibody technique, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, cell culture methods, atomic force microscopy, and flow cytometry. These methods could be used alone or as an alternative to the biological method in white mice. These methods were chosen because of their high sensitivity, specificity, rapid and easy implementation, cost-effectiveness, and automatic recording of test results.

Joint contractures responsive to immunosuppressive therapy in a girl with childhood‐onset systemic sclerosis double‐seropositive for rare anti‐nucleolar autoantibodies: a case report

Background Systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma) is an autoimmune connective tissue disease that affects the skin and subcutaneous tissue, in addition to the internal organs of the whole body. Onset in childhood is uncommon; however, both patients with childhood-onset and adult-onset SSc are positive for anti-nuclear antibodies (ANAs).Detection of SSc-related anti-nuclear antibodies is often useful for predicting clinical features, disease course, and outcomes. Case presentation A 5-year-old Japanese female manifested gradually progressive abnormal gait disturbance, regression of motor development, Raynaud’s phenomenon, and the shiny appearance of the skin of the face and extremities at age 2. On admission, she presented a mask-like appearance, loss of wrinkles and skin folds, puffy fingers, moderate diffuse scleroderma (18/51 of the modified Rodnan total skin thickness score), and contracture in the ankle and proximal interphalangeal joints. Grossly visible capillary hemorrhage on nail fold and severe abnormal capillaroscopy findings including bleeding, giant loop and disappearance of capillaryconsistent with the late phase in SSc. A skin biopsy showed fibrous thickening of the dermis, entrapment of an eccrine sweat glands, and thickened fiber. Chest high-resolution computed tomographic scanning demonstrated patchy areas of ill-defined air-space opacity and consolidation predominantly involving the posterior basilar aspects of the lower lobes presenting withinterstitial lung disease. Positive ANA (1:160 nucleolar and homogeneous nuclear staining by indirect fluorescent antibody technique) and double-seropositive for anti-Th/To and anti-PM-Scl antibodies were identified. She was diagnosed with diffuse cutaneous SSc based on the Pediatric Rheumatology European Society/American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism Provisional Classification Criteria for Juvenile Systemic Sclerosis and was successfully treated with immunosuppressive agents, including methylprednisolone pulses and intravenous cyclophosphamide. Conclusions We experienced the first case of juvenile SSc with anti-PM-Scl and anti-Th/To antibodies. ILD was identified as a typical feature of patients with these autoantibodies; however, diffuse cutaneous SSc and joint contraction were uncharacteristically associated. The case showed unexpected clinical findings though the existence of SSc-related autoantibodies aids in determining possible organ involvement and to estimate the children’s outcome.

Molecular characterisation of rabies virus detected in livestock animals in the southern part of Egypt during 2018 and 2019

Brain samples were collected from 33 animals of different species, including buffalo, cattle, dog, donkey, fox and wolf, that had been suspected to be infected by rabies virus (RABV) in different geographical regions of Aswan and Luxor governorates in Egypt. The samples were submitted for histopathological examination and the presence of the nucleic acid and antigens of RABV was tested by RT-PCR and indirect fluorescent antibody technique (IFAT), respectively. Sixteen samples were found positive by all the three examinations. Three samples were selected for further study from animals in which the highest virus loads were detected. The partial sequence of the RABV N gene was determined and analysed from the samples of a buffalo, a cow and a donkey. The viruses in the samples were found to share 95–98% and 95–97% nucleotide and amino acid sequence identities, respectively. In comparison to reference sequences, a few amino acid substitutions occurred in the N protein antigenic sites I and IV in the immunodominant epitopes of the viruses detected in the cow and the donkey but not in the one from the buffalo. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the RABVs sequenced from the samples belonged to genotype 1, Africa-4 clade, and formed two distinct sub-clades within the Egyptian clade. These findings indicate the circulation of RABV among livestock animals in the southern part of Egypt and raise public health concerns. The amino acid changes detected in this work may contribute to the antigenic diversification of RABVs.

Factors Affecting The Indirect Immunoperoxidase Staining Of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Antigens In Cells

THE application of the Immunoperoxidase (IP) antibody technique for the definitive diagnosis of Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) in chickens has earlier been described (Okeke and Lang, 1982). During that study it was noted that the Indirect method of IP was more sensitive in the demonstration of IBD viral antigens than the direct method. Consequently, more formation was sought on the specific technical parameter and the consequences that resulted by deviations from the codified procedures employed in the Indirect technique with the aim of obtaining an even better result. Studies of pH, serum dilutions, serum incubation time, conjugate dilutions, conjugate incubation time and developing time were conducted to find out what Influence such factors could have on the final staining product.

The Application of the Immunoperoxidase (IP) Antibody Technique for the Etiological Diagnosis of Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) in Chickens

The Indirect IP – technique was employed in demonstrating a site where IBD antigen reacted with Its untbody in IBD-affected barya of Fabricius. In the, rabbit - wot-chicken IgG, which was conjugated to borwer dish peroxidase, was used as the Immunochemical tracers of the antigen-antibody la teraction between IBD chicken underum wad wc tions of bursa of Fabricius (BF) from IBD infected chicken. The technical details were examined and compared with the immunofluorescent (IF) and body technique. The IP – technique was simpler to perform, gave permanently stained specimens, and was answer to interpret because it was less subject to background staining than the IF - technique However both the IP and the IF — techniques were of equal diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. Some attempts made to use the IP - technique for detecting IBD teld virus isolates in cell-culture solatoh yarns were unsuccessful. The IP - technique was, however, capable of demonstrating vll-culture adapted IBD viruses lo cell monotavers.

Assessment of Adipokines, CXCL16 Chemokine Levels in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Combined With Metabolic Syndrome

Objective: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease, is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the causal factors have yet to be completely elucidated. The studies show that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MtS) was significantly higher in RA patients compared to the population. In RA and MetS inflammation and atherosclerosis are closely linked. The level of chemokines and adipokines, which may play a role in the development of atherogenesis in RA with MetS patients is currently unknown. In this study, we investigated the level of chemokine C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16) and adipokine in RA with MetS patients and assessed the association of biomarkers with clinical and biochemical activity scores of RA and components of MetS. Methods: Blood serum of 298 people (48—patients with RA and MetS, 82—with RA without MetS, 105—with MetS, 63—control group without both RA and MetS) was tested for (CXCL16), Resistin, Leptin and Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) levels by fluorescent antibody technique. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 18.0. Results: The biomarker study showed the highest level in the RA with MetS patient group; but as compared with the RA group the differences were insignificant. CXCL16 (Me = 426.2 pg/ml (Q25-75 250.5-527.6), resistin (Me = 8685.4 pg/ml (Q25-75 6480.8-13 629.1), and FGF21 (Me = 443.6 pg/ml (Q25-75 772.9-916.3) proved to be significantly augmented in RA with MetS patients group, and in RA without MetS patients group (Me = 312.7 (Q25-75 199.4-517.7) pg/ml; Me = 8265.3 (Q25-75 5779.7-13 340.5) pg/ml; Me = 412.4 (Q25-75 300.4-497.4) pg/ml, respectively) as compared with MetS patients group (Me = 189.4 (Q25-75 130.3-280.6) pg/ml; Me = 5364.8 (Q25-75 2368.9-10 160.9) pg/ml; Me = 133.2 (Q25-75 76.2-268.6) pg/ml, respectively; P = <.001). Leptin level in all groups was higher than in the control group, but there were no differences between groups. The correlation analysis found a positive relationship between the leptin level and the waist circumference (rs = 0.39; P = .007) in the RA with MetS patients, the association of biomarkers with DAS28 score and ESR did not have any statistical significance. Conclusions: The augmented chemokine, resistin and FGF21 in the RA with MetS patients proves the systemic inflammation which is the basis of RA; the augmented leptin is linked to the abdominal obesity. These data are somewhat of an explanation of the increased risk of the CVD development in RA with MetS people. A differentiated specification can be useful to assess the cardiovascular risk of patients and justify prompt personalized treatment.