scholarly journals The Family Gap for Young Women in the United States and Britain: Can Maternity Leave Make a Difference?

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Waldfogel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Maternity Leave ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Gap

scholarly journals Understanding the ‘Family Gap’ in Pay for Women with Children

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Waldfogel
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Family Policy ◽  
Maternity Leave ◽  
The United States ◽  
Job Tenure ◽  
Family Policies ◽  
Equal Pay ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Gap

As the gender gap in pay between women and men has been narrowing, the 'family gap' in pay between mothers and nonmothers has been widening. One reason may be the institutional structure in the United States, which has emphasized equal pay and opportunity policies but not family policies, in contrast to other countries that have implemented both. The authors now have evidence on the links between one such family policy and women's pay. Recent research suggests that maternity leave coverage, by raising women's retention after childbirth, also raises women's levels of work experience, job tenure, and pay.

The Ninth Month

2019 ◽  
pp. 253-266
Author(s):  
Vanessa LoBue
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Return To Work ◽  
Maternity Leave ◽  
The United States ◽  
New Mothers ◽  
Medical Leave ◽  
The Family ◽  
Pros And Cons

This chapter describes the development of the infant in the ninth month of life. As the fall approaches and the author has to return to work, she has to make different choices about childcare. Because in the United States employers are only required to provide 12 weeks of maternity leave under the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), and very often that leave is unpaid, most new mothers must return to work while their children are still infants. The chapter focuses on describing different childcare options—specifically daycare versus nannies—and the pros and cons of each based on research.

Breaking Free

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deirdre David
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Male Homosexuality ◽  
Domestic Life ◽  
The Family

In the mid- to late 1950s, Pamela emerged as a critically acclaimed novelist, particularly after the family returned to London. In perhaps her best-known novel, The Unspeakable Skipton, she explores the life of a paranoid writer who sponges on English visitors to Bruges. The novel was hailed for its wit and sensitive depiction of the life of a writer. She also published a fine study of a London vicar martyred in marriage to a vain and selfish wife: The Humbler Creation is remarkable for its incisive and empathetic depiction of male despair. The Last Resort sealed her distinction as a brilliant novelist of domestic life in its frank depiction of male homosexuality. While continuing to publish fiction, Pamela maintained her reputation as a deft reviewer. In 1954, she and Charles travelled to the United States—the first of many trips that were to follow.

New Structure, Traditional Essence: Patterns of Helping Non-Coresident Parents by Own and Sibling(s)’ Gender in China

2021 ◽  
pp. 016402752110188
Author(s):  
Yifei Hou ◽  
Marissa Rurka ◽  
Siyun Peng
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Family Structure ◽  
Adult Children ◽  
Parental Support ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sibship Size ◽  
Older Parents ◽  
Traditional Family ◽  
The Family

As Chinese households are becoming smaller with increasing numbers of adult children and older parents living apart, the extent to which patterns of parental support reflect traditional gender dynamics is under debate. Integrating theories of sibling compensation with ceremonial giving, we tested whether helping non-coresident parents in China is affected by sibship size and how these patterns depend on own and sibling(s)’ gender using a sample of 4,359 non-coresident parent-child dyads nesting within 3,285 focal adult children from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study 2013. Opposite to patterns in the United States and Europe, we found substitutions of daughters with sons—having more brothers was associated with daughters’ reduced probabilities and hours of helping. Sons’ patterns of helping were independent of number of brothers and sisters in the family, consistent with the theory of ceremonial giving. These findings reflect the dominance of traditional family dynamics despite changes in family structure.

This Child is Mine!

1978 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 433-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Krell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Expert Testimony ◽  
Marital Relationship ◽  
The United States ◽  
Emotional Stability ◽  
Child Psychiatrist ◽  
Psychiatric Consultation ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Unique Position ◽  
The Family

In Canada and the United States there are over one million divorces annually involving at least that number of children. Divorce frequently involves matters of access and custody. Lawyers acting on behalf of their clients may request psychiatric consultation as to the emotional stability of the client. In custody cases, the child or children may be evaluated by a child psychiatrist. In a divorce action between two adults, it may be valid for the psychiatrist to see one party to the dispute and offer a psychiatric opinion. In custody matters, a psychiatrist must see both parties to the dispute as well as the children. If only one parent is seen it is almost impossible to offer expert testimony. Divorce proceedings result from marital incompatibility. The deficits attributed to each spouse in the marital relationship do not necessarily bear upon the ability to be a parent. Yet in custody contests, frequently the two qualities of suitability for marriage and suitability for parenting are confused. When a child psychiatrist is involved, he or she is asked to comment not only on the emotional stability or problems of the child but also on the fitness of the parents. If each parent has a child psychiatrist involved in the evaluation, the adversary position is fortified and the possibilities for compromise are jeopardized. Since the children are invariably traumatized, guilt-ridden and insecure, it is important that the child psychiatrist attempts to minimize the vindictiveness and anger which are inherent in some custody disputes. By acting in the child's interests, and guiding the lawyers to allow one child psychiatrist to perform the total evaluation, some loosening of an adversarial stance is likely, and new possibilities for negotiation and compromise are created. The structuring of such an evaluation must be completed before any member of the family is seen. A case illustration is provided to point out the nature of the requests made of the lawyers and techniques used in negotiations. The child psychiatrist, in remaining child-focused, is in a unique position to avoid representing one side to the conflict and to provide the court with an evaluation which will aid the judge to make an informed decision.

scholarly journals New pteridophyte records for the territory of Amapá, Brazil.

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 303-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifton E. Nauman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Family System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Complete List ◽  
Brazilian Amazonia ◽  
Botanical Exploration ◽  
Collection Number ◽  
The Family

Eighteen Pteridophyte taxa in 15 genera are reported as new for the Territory of Amapá, Brazil. The collections area a result of a recent Projeto Flora Amazônica/Programa Flora expedition to that region, and update previous lists of taxa for Amapá.In 1975, Tryon and Conant publised a checklist of the ferns of the Brazilian Amazônia reporting 84 taxa for the Territory of Amapá. The paucity of records for Amapá reflects, at least in part, the amount of botanical exploration. The most complete list of taxa occurring in the Territory is an unpublished list of collection compiled by J. M. Pires. This compilation reports 118 taxas for the Territory of Amapá. The following list is intended to update both the Pires compilation an the Tryon and Conant checklist for the Territor. These records are the result of a Projeto Flora Amazônica/Programa Flora expedition to the region in the latter part of 1979. Species were included in this list is not reportes in the compilation of colections for Amapá, or listed as specifically occurrin in Amapá in the monographs and revisions consulted for listed as specifically occurring in Amapá in the monograohs and revisions consulted for identification (Evans, 1969; Kramer, 1957, 1978; de la Sota, 1960; Lellinger, 1972; Maxon & Morton, 1938; Scamman, 1960, Smith, 1971; Tryon, 1941, 1964).This list reports 18 taxa in 15 genera, increasing the number of taxa in Amapá from the 118 listed by Pires to 136. Most of the taxa reported here might have been predicted to occur in Amapá on the basis of their distribution records for surrounding regions.Each species is followed by a collection number. The collection number is that of D. F. Austin, C. E. Nauman, R. S. Secco, C. Rosario, and M. R. Santos except for four collections in which R. S. Secco was absent and B. V. Rabelo was present, and these are indicated after the collection number. Specimens are deposited in the herbaria of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil and the United States. The family system is essentially that used by Tyron and Conant.

Part-Time Residency Training

1981 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 484-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Fisman ◽  
Lynne Ginsburg
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Career Development ◽  
Residency Training ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Royal College ◽  
The United States ◽  
Women Physicians ◽  
Psychiatry Residents ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Part Time

The development of part-time training in the United States and Canada is described. The flexibility required for young women physicians who attempt to combine childbearing and career development, together with the increasing number of women entering medicine, underlines the importance of part-time training schedules. A variety of flexible training options have been defined and a set of guidelines has been produced by the Canadian Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons. The experiences of part-time psychiatry residents at Queen's University, Kingston is presented. Thus far this has involved a total of six residents over a four year period, including the authors of this paper. The advantages and disadvantages, viewed from both the resident and system viewpoint, are discussed.

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