Estimating the Determinants of Cognitive Achievement in Low-Income Countries: The Case of Ghana. Paul Glewwe , Hanan JacobyInvestment in Human Capital: Schooling Supply Constraints in Rural Ghana. Victor Lavy

1995 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-150
Author(s):  
James Cobbe
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Cognitive Achievement ◽  
Rural Ghana

Network ties and survival

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Acheampong ◽  
Bedman Narteh ◽  
John Rand
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Network Ties ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Rural Ghana ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Commercial Poultry ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Poultry Farming

Poultry farming has been touted as one of the major ways by which poverty can be reduced in low-income economies like Ghana. Yet, anecdotally there is a high failure rate among these poultry farms. This current study seeks to understand the relationship between network ties and survival chances of small commercial poultry farms (SCPFs). We utilize data from a 2-year network survey of SCPFs in rural Ghana. The survival of these poultry farms are modelled using a lagged probit model of farms that persisted from 2014 into 2015. We find that network ties are important to the survival chances of the SCPFs in Ghana. Distribution ties are associated with negative survival chances and this is not even reversed if the human capital of the owner increases although managers with higher human capital and higher distribution ties experience positive effects. Industry ties are associated with positive ties but this probability reduces as the number of industry ties increases but moderation with dynamic capability of the firm reverses this trend. Our findings show that not all network ties aid survival and therefore small commercial poultry farmers need to be circumspect in the network ties they cultivate and develop.

scholarly journals Internet Usage, Human Capital and CO2 Emissions: A Global Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8268
Author(s):  
Jing Wang ◽  
Yubing Xu
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
High Income ◽  
Internet Usage ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
The Relationship

Under the background of dealing with global warming, the widespread use of the internet provides a new idea for countries to develop a low-carbon economy at the right time. Based on the panel data of 70 countries from 1995–2018, this paper empirically analyzes the relationship between internet usage, human capital, and CO2 emissions under different levels of economic development by using system GMM and a threshold regression model. The results show that internet usage and human capital are essential drivers of low-carbon economy development, and human capital can inversely regulate the impact of internet usage on CO2 emissions. Internet usage can increase CO2 emissions when human capital is below the threshold value, and it can significantly inhibit CO2 emissions when human capital exceeds the threshold value. In other words, with the accumulation of human capital, the effect of internet usage on CO2 emissions has an inverted U-shaped nonlinear relationship. Furthermore, the empirical analysis of high-income and middle- and low-income countries indicates the hindrance effect of internet usage on CO2 emissions is more evident in high-income countries. For both the high-income and middle- and low-income countries, the relationship between internet usage and CO2 emissions generally shows an inverted “U-shaped” relationship, first rising and then falling as human capital accumulates.

scholarly journals Utilizing Chair Massage to Address One Woman’s Health in Rural Ghana West Africa: a Case Report

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Cathy J. Meryanos, LMT, AAS
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Rural Villages ◽  
Rural Ghana ◽  
Access To Health ◽  
Rehabilitative Services ◽  
The Right

Background and Objectives: There is limited access to health care in rural Ghana and virtually no rehabilitative services available. This situation presents a unique opportunity to utilizechair massage in addressing women’s health in rural Ghana, particularly when it comes to muscle pain and fatigue from heavy labor. The objective of this case report is to determine the results of chair massage as a strategy to reduce neck, shoulder, and back pain, while increasing range of motion.Case Presentation: The patient is a 63-year old Ghanaian female, who was struck by a public transport van while carrying a 30–50 pound load on her head, two years prior. The accident resulted in a broken right humerus and soft tissue pain. A traditional medicine practitioner set the bone, however there was no post-accident rehabilitation available. At the time of referral, she presented complaints of shoulder, elbow, and wrist pain. In addition, she was unable to raise her right hand to hermouth for food intake.Results: The results of this case report include an increase in range of motion, as well as elimination of pain in the right shoulder, elbow, and hand. Visual assessments showed an approximate increase of ROM within the ranges of 45–65 degrees in the right arm, as well as 10–15 degrees in 4th and 5th fingers. There was also a decrease in muscle hypertonicity in the thoracic and cervical areas, and a profound increase in quality of life for the patient.Discussion: This case report illustrates how therapeutic chair massage was utilized to address a common health concern for one woman in rural Ghana. It also demonstrates that pre-existing musculoskeletal disorders and pain may be eliminated with massage intervention. Massage therapy may be important to ameliorating certain types of health problems in remote rural villages in low income countries.

Institutions, human capital and entrepreneurial orientation: implications for growth policy

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thanti Mthanti ◽  
Kalu Ojah
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Entrepreneurial Orientation ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Growth Policy ◽  
Development Levels

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to establish a more robust empirical support for the long established postulation by Adam Smith and Joseph Schumpeter that human capital and institutions enable Schumpeterian entrepreneurship, which, in turn, facilitates economic growth. Design/methodology/approach Adopting entrepreneurial orientation (EO) (i.e. innovativeness, proactiveness and risk taking; Mthanti and Ojah, 2017, Research Policy, 46:4, pp. 724-739) as the measure of Schumpeterian entrepreneurship at the macro-level, and using a sample of 93 countries, over 1980-2008, the authors employ system Generalised Method of Moments to investigate institutions and human capital as possible determinants of Schumpeterian entrepreneurship (EO). Findings The authors find that the human capital-EO nexus is robust across economic development levels. However, there is a cross-country variation in the institutions-EO nexus. In line with theoretical predictions, institutions indeed drive EO in middle-to-high-income countries. However, in low-income countries, building institutions in order to foster EO yields perverse outcomes, which, for us and especially based on deeper analysis, suggest that improving the quality of institutions may not be a necessary precondition for EO/growth policy in low-income countries. Furthermore, the authors find that EO is a highly persistent series, with self-reinforcing network effects, i.e. lofty EO behaviour encourages more lofty EO behaviour. Research limitations/implications Drivers of macro EO are erroneously taken as of growth. This empirical analysis corrects the sequencing. Practical implications Policy practice must acknowledge macro-EO importantly has both direct and indirect growth effects. Originality/value This study is the first to empirically test the theoretical sequence between drivers of growth/EO and economic growth.

scholarly journals Can open-defecation free (ODF) communities be sustained? A cross-sectional study in rural Ghana

PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0261674
Author(s):  
Caroline Delaire ◽  
Joyce Kisiangani ◽  
Kara Stuart ◽  
Prince Antwi-Agyei ◽  
Ranjiv Khush ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Northern Ghana ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural Ghana

Community-led total sanitation (CLTS) is a widely used approach to reduce open defecation in rural areas of low-income countries. Following CLTS programs, communities are designated as open defecation free (ODF) when household-level toilet coverage reaches the threshold specified by national guidelines (e.g., 80% in Ghana). However, because sanitation conditions are rarely monitored after communities are declared ODF, the ability of CLTS to generate lasting reductions in open defecation is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the extent to which levels of toilet ownership and use were sustained in 109 communities in rural Northern Ghana up to two and a half years after they had obtained ODF status. We found that the majority of communities (75%) did not meet Ghana’s ODF requirements. Over a third of households had either never owned (16%) or no longer owned (24%) a functional toilet, and 25% reported practicing open defecation regularly. Toilet pit and superstructure collapse were the primary causes of reversion to open defecation. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that communities had higher toilet coverage when they were located further from major roads, were not located on rocky soil, reported having a system of fines to punish open defecation, and when less time had elapsed since ODF status achievement. Households were more likely to own a functional toilet if they were larger, wealthier, had a male household head who had not completed primary education, had no children under the age of five, and benefitted from the national Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) program. Wealthier households were also more likely to use a toilet for defecation and to rebuild their toilet when it collapsed. Our findings suggest that interventions that address toilet collapse and the difficulty of rebuilding, particularly among the poorest and most vulnerable households, will improve the longevity of CLTS-driven sanitation improvements in rural Ghana.

The Tyranny of Litanies

2019 ◽  
pp. 20-43
Author(s):  
Justin Yifu Lin ◽  
Célestin Monga
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Absorptive Capacity ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Cultural Backgrounds ◽  
Development Literature

This chapter examines some of the policy issues often presented as the causes of poor economic performance and underdevelopment. It identifies the most commonly posited causes such as insufficient physical capital, bad business environment and poor governance, weak human capital and absorptive capacity, low productivity, and bad cultural habits such as laziness. Many of the reasons often put forward in the development literature to justify the poor economic performance of low-income countries are generally symptoms of the problem rather than its root causes. No country begins its process of sustained economic growth with the “appropriate” amount of physical or human capital. Economic take-off and poverty reduction processes have now occurred in countries with widely different cultural backgrounds and political and administrative itineraries. This has led to another line of “prerequisites to economic development” articulated around the notions of institutional and financial development.

scholarly journals Access to Breast Cancer Diagnostic Devices in the East African Community: Moving the Needle

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 16-16
Author(s):  
Claire M. Wagner ◽  
Fidel Rubagumya ◽  
Miriam Mutebi ◽  
David Mutiibwa ◽  
Louis Ngendahayo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
East African ◽  
East African Community ◽  
Cancer Diagnostic ◽  
African Community

PURPOSE Globally, two million women develop breast cancer each year. Low-income countries bear a disproportionate burden as a result of systems strapped by limited resources. Inadequate access to diagnostic services is widely recognized as a driver of unfavorable outcomes, yet baseline data on supply, use, and pricing for breast cancer diagnostic devices are scant. The purpose of this study was to assess access to cancer biopsy devices in Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda, and to ascertain related pricing, procurement, and payment models. METHODS We conducted an observational online survey to capture institution-based data that address demographics, facility capacity, human capital, pathology systems, device sourcing and pricing, supply chains, and workarounds. Additional manufacturer information was obtained through public sources and communication with industry. RESULTS We received 58 survey responses from the 6 East African Community countries, most representing urban public hospitals (68%). Pathology laboratory capacity varied drastically: Although basic histopathology was consistently performed (92% of respondents), hormone receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, and genetic studies were not (63%, 53%, and 11%, respectively). Training varied among practitioners performing biopsies—for example, surgeons or nurses—and most practitioners did not have ultrasound guidance (80%). Both disposable and reusable core needle devices were in use, and stockouts were reported by most respondents (69%). Workarounds included reuse of disposable devices, alternative procedures (eg, surgical excision or fine-needle aspiration), patient rescheduling, and referral. Most patients received results at follow up, but one fifth of all respondents reported that some patients never received results. Of importance, there was no observable pattern to procurement channels or pricing. CONCLUSION Reliable, accurate, and timely diagnosis is vital to improving outcomes for patients with breast cancer in low-income countries. Significant variation related to operations, human capital management, product mix, procurement methods, and pricing was observed between and within the East African Community countries. Additional investigation is needed to identify opportunities for applying best practices and leveraging regional synergies for impact.

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