Dynamic Features of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV‐1) Viremia: Kinetics of Cell‐Free HIV‐1 RNA after Therapeutic Plasma Exchange

ABSTRACT Mathematical models provide an understanding of in vivo replication kinetics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). With a novel intervention designed for increased potency, we have more accurately deduced the half-lives of virus-producing CD4+ T cells, 0.7 day, and the generation time of HIV-1 in vivo, approximately 2 days, confirming the dynamic nature of HIV-1 replication.

Download Full-text

Transmission of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVcpz and the Evolution of Infection in the Presence and Absence of Concurrent Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection in Chimpanzees

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.00382-06 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 80 (14) ◽

pp. 7208-7218 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Jonathan L. Heeney ◽

Erik Rutjens ◽

Ernst J. Verschoor ◽

Henk Niphuis ◽

Peter ten Haaft ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Simian Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽

Virus Type ◽

Mononuclear Cells ◽

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Kinetics Of ◽

Hiv 1

ABSTRACT Current data suggest that the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) epidemic arose by transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) SIVcpz from a subspecies of common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) to humans. SIVcpz of chimpanzees is itself a molecular chimera of SIVs from two or more different monkey species, suggesting that recombination was made possible by coinfection of one individual animal with different lentiviruses. However, very little is known about SIVcpz transmission and the susceptibility to lentivirus coinfection of its natural host, the chimpanzee. Here, it is revealed that either infected plasma or peripheral blood mononuclear cells readily confer infection when exposure occurs by the intravenous or mucosal route. Importantly, the presence of preexisting HIV-1 infection did not modify the kinetics of SIVcpz infection once it was established by different routes. Although humoral responses appeared as early as 4 weeks postinfection, neutralization to SIVcpz-ANT varied markedly between animals. Analysis of the SIVcpz env sequence over time revealed the emergence of genetic viral variants and persistent SIVcpz RNA levels of between 104 and 105 copies/ml plasma regardless of the presence or absence of concurrent HIV-1 infection. These unique data provide important insight into possible routes of transmission, the kinetics of acute SIVcpz infection, and how readily coinfection with SIVcpz and other lentiviruses may be established as necessary preconditions for potential recombination.

Download Full-text

In Vitro Replication Kinetics of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV‐1) Variants in Relation to Virus Load in Long‐Term Survivors of HIV‐1 Infection

The Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1086/514219 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 177 (3) ◽

pp. 600-610 ◽

Cited By ~ 68

Author(s):

Hetty Blaak ◽

Margreet Brouwer ◽

Leonie J. Ran ◽

Frank de Wolf ◽

Hanneke Schuitemaker

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽

Virus Type ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Long Term Survivors ◽

Kinetics Of ◽

Hiv 1

Download Full-text

Kinetics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) DNA and RNA synthesis during primary HIV-1 infection.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.90.14.6405 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 90 (14) ◽

pp. 6405-6409 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

C. Graziosi ◽

G. Pantaleo ◽

L. Butini ◽

J. F. Demarest ◽

M. S. Saag ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽

Virus Type ◽

Rna Synthesis ◽

Dna And Rna ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Dna And Rna Synthesis ◽

Kinetics Of ◽

Hiv 1

Download Full-text

Differential Tropism and Replication Kinetics of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates in Thymocytes: Coreceptor Expression Allows Viral Entry, but Productive Infection of Distinct Subsets Is Determined at the Postentry Level

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.72.12.9441-9452.1998 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 72 (12) ◽

pp. 9441-9452 ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

Livia Pedroza-Martins ◽

Kevin B. Gurney ◽

Bruce E. Torbett ◽

Christel H. Uittenbogaart

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽

Virus Type ◽

Viral Entry ◽

Productive Infection ◽

Proviral Dna ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Kinetics Of ◽

Hiv 1

ABSTRACT Human thymocytes are readily infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we found that the kinetics of replication and cytopathic effects of two molecular isolates, NL4-3 and JR-CSF, in postnatal thymocytes are best explained by the distribution of chemokine receptors used for viral entry. CXCR4 was expressed at high levels on most thymocytes, whereas CCR5 expression was restricted to only 0.1 to 2% of thymocytes. The difference in the amount of proviral DNA detected after infection of fresh thymocytes with NL4-3 or JR-CSF correlated with the levels of CXCR4 and CCR5 surface expression. Anti-CCR5 blocking studies showed that low levels of CCR5 were necessary and sufficient for JR-CSF entry in thymocytes. Interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, and IL-7, cytokines normally present in the thymus, influenced the expression of CXCR4 and CCR5 on thymocytes and thus increased the infectivity and spread of both NL4-3 and JR-CSF in culture. NL4-3 was produced by both immature and mature thymocytes, whereas JR-CSF production was restricted to the mature CD1−/CD69+ population. Although CXCR4 and CCR5 distribution readily explained viral entry in mature CD69+ and immature CD69− cells, and correlated with proviral DNA distribution, we found that viral production was favored in CD69+ cells. Therefore, while expression of CD4 and appropriate coreceptors are essential determinants of viral entry, factors related to activation and stage-specific maturation contribute to HIV-1 replication in thymocyte subsets. These results have direct implications for HIV-1 pathogenesis in pediatric patients.

Download Full-text

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 T-Lymphotropic Strains Enter Macrophages via a CD4- and CXCR4-Mediated Pathway: Replication Is Restricted at a Postentry Level

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.72.6.4633-4642.1998 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 72 (6) ◽

pp. 4633-4642 ◽

Cited By ~ 122

Author(s):

Helena Schmidtmayerova ◽

Massimo Alfano ◽

Gerard Nuovo ◽

Michael Bukrinsky

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽

Virus Type ◽

Reverse Transcription ◽

Nuclear Translocation ◽

Viral Dna ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Kinetics Of ◽

Hiv 1

ABSTRACT The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) laboratory strains adapted to T-cell lines, as well as most syncytium-inducing primary isolates, replicate poorly in macrophages, which, beside CD4+ T lymphocytes, are major targets of HIV-1. In the present work, we used a semiquantitative PCR-based technique to study viral entry into cells, kinetics of reverse transcription, and translocation of the viral DNA into the nucleus of macrophages infected with different HIV-1 strains. Our results demonstrate that T-lymphotropic strains efficiently enter macrophages. Entry was inhibited by a monoclonal antibody against CD4 and by stromal cell-derived factor 1α, a natural ligand of CXCR4, suggesting that both CD4 and CXCR4 act as receptors on macrophages for HIV-1 T-lymphotropic strains. Analysis of the kinetics of reverse transcription and nuclear import revealed that the most pronounced differences between T-lymphotropic and macrophagetropic strains occurred at the level of nuclear translocation of viral DNA, although a delay in reverse transcription was also observed. These results suggest that postentry steps are critical for restricted replication of T-lymphotropic HIV-1 strains in macrophages.

Download Full-text