scholarly journals Reducing Mortality Associated with Opportunistic Infections among Patients with Advanced HIV Infection in Sub‐Saharan Africa: Reply to DiNubile

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 812-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph N. Jarvis ◽  
Stephen D. Lawn ◽  
Robin Wood ◽  
Thomas S. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan

scholarly journals OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS DIAGNOSED IN PATIENTS INFECTED WITH THE HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) AT THE SERVICE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF UHC (UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL CENTER) YALGADO OUÉDRAOGO, BURKINA FASO

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Savadogo M ◽  
Diallo I ◽  
Sondo K A
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infection ◽  
Antiretroviral Treatment ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Living With Hiv

Introduction: Sub-Saharan Africa remains one of the regions most affected by HIV infection with severe lethality.Most deaths of patients living with HIV are caused by opportunistic infections. Objective: to determine the prevalence of opportunistic infections among patients living with HIV in hospital serving infectious diseases of UHC YO of Ouagadougou. Patients and Methods:This is a cross-sectional descriptive study covering a 14-month period from 1 January 2017 to 28 February 2018. Included were all HIV-positive patients, hospitalized at the service of Infectious Diseases, in which an opportunistic infection was diagnosed on the basis of clinical and/or para-clinical arguments. Results: During the study period a total of 55 patients living with HIV were hospitalized in the infectious disease unit,35 of whom had at least one opportunistic infection or 63.6% of the patients.The average age of patients was 37 years with extremes of 18 and 66 years.Twenty-two patients were female versus 13 male, a sex ratio = 0.59. HIV1 was involved in 97% of patients.The mean TCD4 lymphocyte rate was 156 cell/mm3 with extremes of 7 and 718 cell/mm3.Tuberculosis and digestive mycosis were the most frequently diagnosed opportunistic infections. Opportunistic infection was the circumstance for HIV testing in two patients.She revealed immune restoration syndrome in two other patients.Nineteen patients were already on antiretroviral treatment upon admission to the service.Half of the patients on treatment were in therapeutic failure.The evolution was marked by 26.5% lethality. Conclusion:The frequency of opportunistic infections is high in patients living with HIV.Their prevention requires early detection of HIV infection and antiretroviral treatment.

Endocrine abnormalities in HIV infection

2011 ◽  
pp. 1563-1575
Author(s):  
Takara L. Stanley ◽  
Steven K. Grinspoon
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Gonadal Function ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Salt And Water Balance ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Untreated Individuals

Approximately 33 million people worldwide are living with HIV infection, and more than 2 million individuals are newly infected each year (1). Sub-Saharan Africa bears the majority of the disease burden, with 67% of all HIV cases and 75% of all HIV/AIDS related deaths occurring in this region (2). Although access to antiretroviral therapy has improved significantly over the past decade, antiretrovirals are available to only about 30% of those who need them (2). Availability of antiretroviral therapy greatly impacts the endocrine manifestations of HIV infection: individuals treated with antiretrovirals may develop peripheral fat loss, abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia, whereas untreated individuals may develop undernutrition, wasting, and end-organ effects of opportunistic infections such as primary adrenal insufficiency secondary to adrenal destruction (Box 10.2.4.1). In all individuals with HIV infection, regardless of treatment, gonadal function, thyroid function, and bone mineral density may also be decreased, and salt and water balance may be affected (Box 10.2.4.2). The purpose of this chapter is to review the endocrine manifestations of HIV infection, including pathogenesis and treatment.

Undernutrition and HIV Infection in Sub-Saharan Africa: Health Outcomes and Therapeutic Interventions

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-97
Author(s):  
Hubaida Fuseini ◽  
Ben A. Gyan ◽  
George B. Kyei ◽  
Douglas C. Heimburger ◽  
John R. Koethe
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Sub Saharan

Male circumcision and HIV infection in four cities in sub-Saharan Africa

AIDS ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. S31-S40 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Auvert ◽  
A. Buvé ◽  
E. Lagarde ◽  
M. Kahindo ◽  
J. Chege ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Male Circumcision ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan

Migration as a Risk Factor for HIV Infection among Youths in Sub-Saharan Africa

2013 ◽  
Vol 648 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica A. Magadi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Female Migrants ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Living With Hiv

Of the estimated 10 million youths living with HIV worldwide, 63 percent live in sub-Saharan Africa. This article focuses on migration as a risk factor of HIV infection among the youths in sub-Saharan Africa. The study is based on multilevel modeling, applied to the youth sample of the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), conducted from 2003 to 2008 in nineteen countries. The analysis takes into account country-level and regional-level variations. The results suggest that across countries in sub-Saharan Africa, migrants have on average about 50 percent higher odds of HIV infection than nonmigrants. The higher risk among migrants is to a large extent explained by differences in demographic and socioeconomic factors. In particular, migrants are more likely to be older, to have been married, or to live in urban areas, all of which are associated with higher risks of HIV infection. The higher risk among youths who have been married is particularly pronounced among young female migrants.

scholarly journals Deciphering DNA Methylation in HIV Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thilona Arumugam ◽  
Upasana Ramphal ◽  
Theolan Adimulam ◽  
Romona Chinniah ◽  
Veron Ramsuran
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanism ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Modifying Factors ◽  
Autoimmune Conditions ◽  
Sub Saharan

With approximately 38 million people living with HIV/AIDS globally, and a further 1.5 million new global infections per year, it is imperative that we advance our understanding of all factors contributing to HIV infection. While most studies have focused on the influence of host genetic factors on HIV pathogenesis, epigenetic factors are gaining attention. Epigenetics involves alterations in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. DNA methylation is a critical epigenetic mechanism that influences both viral and host factors. This review has five focal points, which examines (i) fluctuations in the expression of methylation modifying factors upon HIV infection (ii) the effect of DNA methylation on HIV viral genes and (iii) host genome (iv) inferences from other infectious and non-communicable diseases, we provide a list of HIV-associated host genes that are regulated by methylation in other disease models (v) the potential of DNA methylation as an epi-therapeutic strategy and biomarker. DNA methylation has also been shown to serve as a robust therapeutic strategy and precision medicine biomarker against diseases such as cancer and autoimmune conditions. Despite new drugs being discovered for HIV, drug resistance is a problem in high disease burden settings such as Sub-Saharan Africa. Furthermore, genetic therapies that are under investigation are irreversible and may have off target effects. Alternative therapies that are nongenetic are essential. In this review, we discuss the potential role of DNA methylation as a novel therapeutic intervention against HIV.

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