The Military Class and the French Monarchy in the Late Middle Ages

1978 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The Military

scholarly journals The evolution of the hospital from antiquity to the end of the middle ages

Curationis ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Cilliers ◽  
F.P. Retief
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Nursing Facilities ◽  
The Public ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Specialized Institutions ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Middle Ages

The evolution of the hospital is traced from its onset in ancient Mesopotamia towards the end of the 2nd millennium to the end of the Middle Ages. Reference is made to institutionalised health care facilities in India as early as the 5th century BC, and with the spread of Buddhism to the east, to nursing facilities, the nature and function of which are not known to us, in Sri Lanka, China and South East Asia. Special attention is paid to the situation in the Graeco-Roman era: one would expect to find the origin of the hospital in the modem sense of the word in Greece, the birthplace of rational medicine in the 4th century BC, but the Hippocratic doctors paid house-calls, and the temples of Asclepius were visited for incubation sleep and magico-religious treatment. In Roman times the military and slave hospitals which existed since the 1st century AD, were built for a specialized group and not for the public, and were therefore also not precursors of the modem hospital. It is to the Christians that one must turn for the origin of the modem hospital. Hospices, initially built to shelter pilgrims and messengers between various bishops, were under Christian control developed into hospitals in the modem sense of the word. In Rome itself, the first hospital was built in the 4th century AD by a wealthy penitent widow, Fabiola. In the early Middle Ages (6th to 10th century), under the influence of the Benedictine Order, an infirmary became an established part of every monastery. During the late Middle Ages (beyond the 10th century) monastic infirmaries continued to expand, but public hospitals were also opened, financed by city authorities, the church and private sources. Specialized institutions, like leper houses, also originated at this time. During the Golden Age of Islam the Muslim world was clearly more advanced than its Christian counterpart with magnificent hospitals in various countries.

scholarly journals La Orden de Calatrava en la Baja Edad Media (1350-1500): repaso historiográfico = The Military Order of Calatrava in the Late Middle Ages (1350-1500): Review of Scholarship

2018 ◽  
pp. 575
Author(s):  
Milagros Plaza Pedroche
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Research Strategies ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Military

En el presente artículo se concede atención al desarrollo de la producción historiográfica referente a la Orden de Calatrava en el ámbito castellanoleonés y en el periodo comprendido entre 1350 y 1500. En él se realiza un balance que permite conocer los vacíos informativos que todavía perviven dentro de este campo y las líneas de investigación que de cara al futuro se abren a los medievalistas. The present study focuses on the developments of the scholarship on the Military Order of Calatrava in the kingdom of Castile and Leon in the period between 1350 and 1500. It provides an assessment of current research which will identify the gaps of information that still persist within this field of study and the research strategies that these may provide to medievalists in the future.

scholarly journals El ideal militar hispánico: una propuesta sobre transferencias socioculturales y literarias de la Castilla medieval a la conquista española de América

Medievalismo ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 323-354
Author(s):  
Víctor MUÑOZ GÓMEZ
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Military Leadership ◽  
Its Analysis ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Military Command ◽  
The Military ◽  
Medieval Model

En este artículo se estudiarán las características del mando militar desempeñado por los reyes de Castilla durante la Baja Edad Media en relación con su ejercicio en las campañas contra los musulmanes especialmente entre el reinado de Alfonso XI y la conquista de Granada por los Reyes Católicos. Estas cualidades se hallaron fuertemente vinculadas a un discurso legitimador de la monarquía en torno a los principios de la “recuperación de España”, la Cruzada y la Caballería. A partir de su análisis en los textos cronísticos de los siglos XIV y XV, se propone la hipótesis de que ese modelo medieval de liderazgo militar monárquico, ligado al citado marco ideológico, pudo ser recogido en los relatos de las crónicas de Indias y, paralelamente, integrado por los capitanes de la conquista de América. This paper aims to study the features of the military command that was exerted by the kings of Castile in Late Middle Ages with respect to its performance during the campaigns against the Muslims, particularly from the reign of king Alfonso XI to the conquest of Granada by the Catholic Kings. These military traits were strongly associated to the notions of ‘the recovery of Spain’ (restauratio Hispaniae, ‘Reconquista’), Crusade and Chivalry. From its analysis through 14th-15th centuries chronistical texts, we propose the hypothesis that this medieval model of monarchical military leadership, linked to the aforementioned ideological framework, could have been reflected in the narrative of the ‘Crónicas de Indias’ and concurrently assumed by the Spanish captains of the Conquest of America.

The images of the warrior saints in the Ukrainian icons with the life scenes of the late Middle Ages

2019 ◽  
pp. 61-71
Author(s):  
Marta Moskal
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Spiritual Struggle ◽  
Sacred Art ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Artistic Style ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Military

Introduction. The images of Demetrius, Borys and Hlib, Archangel Michael, St. George constitute the largest number of monuments in the Ukrainian icon painting of the Late Middle Ages, which can be enlisted as a rank of holy warriors. Problem Statement. In icon painting of the Late Middle Ages the figures of warrior saints are presented with the added scenes of life and their activities. A detailed analysis of the iconographic, artistic and stylistic features of the icons of holy warriors in the context of the development of national culture will allow to analyze the images of the saints, to reveal the content of the works. Purpose of the article is to ostend of artistic-stylistic, compositional, iconographic, figurative-content content of works of icon painting of the second half of XIV – beginning of XVI century, in which the image of holy warriors are present with the life scenes and scenes of their deeds. Methods. In the article were uses general scientific methods: historical – in the reconstruction of the cultural situation of XIV – beginning of XVI century in the context of sacred art; systematic, with which it was possible to trace the dynamics of changes in the icon-painting canon of the holy warrior on the territory of Ukraine; comparative – in revealing stylistic tendencies in painting traditions on the basis of canonical plots of Orthodox icon painting; iconographic – in revealing the sign stability of images in the system of stylistic coordinates of the icon-canon, as well as stylistic changes that took place in the iconography of the studied period; art studies – to study the compositional-stylistic features of icon-painting monuments of this period. Results. On example of memorials of Ukrainian art with the depiction of warriors saints with the scenes of life revealed the images of holy warriors, analyzed compositional construction, iconography, artistic-stylistic features. Payed attention to the iconographic plot "Killing the dragon" presented in "expanded" and "laconic" variants, as a reflection of the scene of life and miracles of St. George. Conclusion images of life cycles of holy warriors in the art of the Late Middle Ages are a significant thematic group among the complex of Ukrainian icons. In the meanwhile, holy warriors portrayed frontal, full-length (iconographic type of foot soldier), with ascetic gaze, monumental interpretation of the image, expressive drawing. Since in the medium the artists depicted the soldiers in a severe static image, the figures of the saints in the stamps were more free and dynamic to reveal the narrative of the plot of their acts. Artistic-style features of icons depicting holy warriors late XIV-early XV centuries. continue the principles of painting Kievan Rus in combination with the traditions Paleologicheskogo icon-painting style. From the XV century in the icons there are elements of Gothic that manifested itself in the image of an elongated figure of soldiers, helmets, and weapons – a sword. Among the most common images of holy warriors is the figure of the Archangel Michael. In the mediator in the figure of a warrior, we see the embodiment of the image of the head over all angels, the military guard of the gates of paradise, the hero, who is the mediator between God and his people. Among the important attributes that appear in the art of the Late Middle Ages in the images of the Archangel is a symbolic stand, twisted in eight, symbolizing infinity and protecting from the dark forces of evil (Uroboros's image is a snake). In the figure of Demetrius of Thessalonica we see a popular Christian hero ready to defend his native land. In the images of the brothers Borys and Hlib, in the images of the living icon there are features of patriotism and asceticism. In the Ukrainian art of theXIV-XVІ centuries. The iconography of St. John became the most popular. George in the plot "Miracle of the Snake", which is known in two versions: "Expanded" and "Laconic". At the end of the fifteenth century. the iconic motif "Miracle of the Snake" is complemented by the scenes of the life of St. George On the icons of St. George is presented on a horse, piercing through a long thin spear the snake's mouth served in an amorphous form. The very image of the warrior is not endowed with features of courage and militancy, but rather interpreted as a manifestation of spiritual struggle between the monster and the saints. The composition reads the folk principle, which manifested itself in such attributes as keys, horns, profile of the Moon on the wings of the snake and associated with the holiday of spring.

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