Scaling of Basal and Maximum Metabolic Rate in Rodents and the Aerobic Capacity Model for the Evolution of Endothermy

1992 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 921-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Bozinovic
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Capacity Model ◽  
Maximum Metabolic Rate

scholarly journals High Blood Flow Into the Femur Indicates Elevated Aerobic Capacity in Synapsids Since the Synapsida-Sauropsida Split

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp L. Knaus ◽  
Anneke H. van Heteren ◽  
Jacqueline K. Lungmus ◽  
P. Martin Sander
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Femoral Length ◽  
Plesiomorphic State ◽  
Maximum Metabolic Rate

Varanids are the only non-avian sauropsids that are known to approach the warm-blooded mammals in stamina. Furthermore, a much higher maximum metabolic rate (MMR) gives endotherms (including birds) higher stamina than crocodiles, turtles, and non-varanid lepidosaurs. This has led researchers to hypothesize that mammalian endothermy evolved as a second step after the acquisition of elevated MMR in non-mammalian therapsids from a plesiomorphic state of low metabolic rates. In recent amniotes, MMR correlates with the index of blood flow into the femur (Qi), which is calculated from femoral length and the cross-sectional area of the nutrient foramen. Thus, Qi may serve as an indicator of MMR range in extinct animals. Using the Qi proxy and phylogenetic eigenvector maps, here we show that elevated MMRs evolved near the base of Synapsida. Non-mammalian synapsids, including caseids, edaphosaurids, sphenacodontids, dicynodonts, gorgonopsids, and non-mammalian cynodonts, show Qi values in the range of recent endotherms and varanids, suggesting that raised MMRs either evolved in synapsids shortly after the Synapsida-Sauropsida split in the Mississippian or that the low MMR of lepidosaurs and turtles is apomorphic, as has been postulated for crocodiles.

scholarly journals Analytical methods matter too: Establishing a framework for estimating maximum metabolic rate for fishes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya S. Prinzing ◽  
Yangfan Zhang ◽  
Nicholas C. Wegner ◽  
Nicholas K. Dulvy
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Maximum Metabolic Rate

scholarly journals Changes in body temperature influence the scaling of and aerobic scope in mammals

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F Gillooly ◽  
Andrew P Allen
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Size Dependence ◽  
Maximal Activity ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Temperature Influence ◽  
Aerobic Scope ◽  
Metabolic Scope ◽  
Single Power ◽  
Maximum Metabolic Rate

Debate on the mechanism(s) responsible for the scaling of metabolic rate with body size in mammals has focused on why the maximum metabolic rate ( ) appears to scale more steeply with body size than the basal metabolic rate (BMR). Consequently, metabolic scope, defined as /BMR, systematically increases with body size. These observations have led some to suggest that and BMR are controlled by fundamentally different processes, and to discount the generality of models that predict a single power-law scaling exponent for the size dependence of the metabolic rate. We present a model that predicts a steeper size dependence for than BMR based on the observation that changes in muscle temperature from rest to maximal activity are greater in larger mammals. Empirical data support the model's prediction. This model thus provides a potential theoretical and mechanistic link between BMR and .

scholarly journals Do method and species lifestyle affect measures of maximum metabolic rate in fishes?

2016 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 1037-1046 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Killen ◽  
T. Norin ◽  
L. G. Halsey
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Maximum Metabolic Rate

scholarly journals Aerobic capacity influences the spatial position of individuals within fish schools

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1727) ◽  
pp. 357-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaun S. Killen ◽  
Stefano Marras ◽  
John F. Steffensen ◽  
David J. McKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Fish Schools ◽  
Liza Aurata ◽  
Schooling Behaviour ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Focal Fish ◽  
Spatial Positioning

The schooling behaviour of fish is of great biological importance, playing a crucial role in the foraging and predator avoidance of numerous species. The extent to which physiological performance traits affect the spatial positioning of individual fish within schools is completely unknown. Schools of juvenile mullet Liza aurata were filmed at three swim speeds in a swim tunnel, with one focal fish from each school then also measured for standard metabolic rate (SMR), maximal metabolic rate (MMR), aerobic scope (AS) and maximum aerobic swim speed. At faster speeds, fish with lower MMR and AS swam near the rear of schools. These trailing fish required fewer tail beats to swim at the same speed as individuals at the front of schools, indicating that posterior positions provide hydrodynamic benefits that reduce swimming costs. Conversely, fish with high aerobic capacity can withstand increased drag at the leading edge of schools, where they could maximize food intake while possibly retaining sufficient AS for other physiological functions. SMR was never related to position, suggesting that high maintenance costs do not necessarily motivate individuals to occupy frontal positions. In the wild, shifting of individuals to optimal spatial positions during changing conditions could influence structure or movement of entire schools.

The Effects of a 20-Week Exercise Training Program on Resting Metabolic Rate in Previously Sedentary, Moderately Obese Women

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi K. Byrne ◽  
Jack H. Wilmore
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Resistance Training Program

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of exercise training on resting metabolic rate (RMR) in moderately obese women. It was hypothesized that exercise training would increase resting metabolic rate. Nineteen previously sedentary, moderately obese women (age = 38.0 ± 0.9 years, percent body fat = 37.5 ± 0.8) trained for 20 weeks using either resistance training (RT) or a combination of resistance training arid walking (RT/W). The high intensity resistance training program was designed to increase strength and fat-free mass and the walking program to increase aerobic capacity. There was also a non-exercising control group (C) of 9 subjects in this study. Fat-free mass was significantly increased in both the RT (+1.90 kg) and RT/W (+1.90 kg) groups as a result of the training program. No group showed significant changes in fat mass or relative body fat from pre- to post-training. Aerobic capacity was slightly, though significantly, increased in the RT/W group only. The RT group showed a significant increase (+44 kcal · day−1), while the RT/W group showed a significant decrease (-53 kcal · day−1) in resting metabolic rate post-training. RT can potentiate an increase in RMR through an increase in fat-free mass, and the decrease in RMR in the RT/W group may have been a result of heat acclimation from the walk training.

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