scholarly journals New physical parameterizations of monopole solutions in five-dimensional general relativity and the role of negative scalar field energy in vacuum solutions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Balytskyi ◽  
D. Hoyer ◽  
A. O. Pinchuk ◽  
L. L. Williams
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Scalar Field ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Charge ◽  
Field Energy ◽  
Scalar Charge ◽  
Field Energy Density ◽  
Vacuum Solutions

Abstract Novel parameterizations are presented for monopole solutions to the static, spherically-symmetric vacuum field equations of five-dimensional general relativity. First proposed by Kaluza, 5D general relativity unites gravity and classical electromagnetism with a scalar field. These monopoles correspond to bodies carrying mass, electric charge, and scalar charge. The new parameterizations provide physical insight into the nature of electric charge and scalar field energy. The Reissner-Nordstr\"om limit is compared with alternate physical interpretations of the solution parameters. The new parameterizations explore the role of scalar field energy and the relation of electric charge to scalar charge. The Kaluza vacuum equations imply the scalar field energy density is the negative of the electric field energy density for all known solutions, so the total electric and scalar field energy of the monopole is zero. The vanishing of the total electric and scalar field energy density for vacuum solutions seems to imply the scalar field can be understood as a negative-energy foundation on which the electric field is built.

scholarly journals Charge Properties and Electric Field Energy Density of Functional Group-Modified Nanoparticle Interacting with a Flat Substrate

Micromachines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1038
Author(s):  
Luyu Deng ◽  
Liuyong Shi ◽  
Teng Zhou ◽  
Xianman Zhang ◽  
Sang W. Joo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Charge Density ◽  
Planck Equation ◽  
Equation System ◽  
Field Energy ◽  
Flat Substrate ◽  
Bulk Charge ◽  
Field Energy Density ◽  
Brush Layer

Functionalized nanofluidics devices have recently emerged as a powerful platform for applications of energy conversion. Inspired by biological cells, we theoretically studied the effect of the interaction between the nanoparticle and the plate which formed the brush layer modified by functional zwitterionic polyelectrolyte (PE) on the bulk charge density of the nanoparticle brush layer, and the charge/discharge effect when the distance between the particle and the plate was changed. In this paper, The Poisson–Nernst–Planck equation system is used to build the theoretical model to study the interaction between the nanoparticle and the plate modified by the PE brush layer, considering brush layer charge regulation in the presence of multiple ionic species. The results show that the bulk charge density of the brush layer decreases with the decrease of the distance between the nanoparticle and the flat substrate when the interaction occurs between the nanoparticle and the plate. When the distance between the particle and the plate is about 2 nm, the charge density of the brush layer at the bottom of the particle is about 69% of that at the top, and the electric field energy density reaches the maximum value when the concentration of the background salt solution is 10 mm.

scholarly journals Long-Range Scalar Forces in Five-Dimensional General Relativity

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
L. L. Williams
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Scalar Field ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Electric Charge ◽  
Scalar Potential ◽  
Classical Field ◽  
Electric Force ◽  
Mass Energy ◽  
Scalar Charge ◽  
Electrically Charged

We present new results regarding the long-range scalar field that emerges from the classical Kaluza unification of general relativity and electromagnetism. The Kaluza framework reproduces known physics exactly when the scalar field goes to one, so we studied perturbations of the scalar field around unity, as is done for gravity in the Newtonian limit of general relativity. A suite of interesting phenomena unknown to the Kaluza literature is revealed: planetary masses are clothed in scalar field, which contributes 25% of the mass-energy of the clothed mass; the scalar potential around a planet is positive, compared with the negative gravitational potential; at laboratory scales, the scalar charge which couples to the scalar field is quadratic in electric charge; a new length scale of physics is encountered for the static scalar field around an electrically-charged mass, L s = μ 0 Q 2 / M ; the scalar charge of elementary particles is proportional to the electric charge, making the scalar force indistinguishable from the atomic electric force. An unduly strong electrogravitic buoyancy force is predicted for electrically-charged objects in the planetary scalar field, and this calculation appears to be the first quantitative falsification of the Kaluza unification. Since the simplest classical field, a long-range scalar field, is expected in nature, and since the Kaluza scalar field is as weak as gravity, we suggest that if there is an error in this calculation, it is likely to be in the magnitude of the coupling to the scalar field, not in the existence or magnitude of the scalar field itself.

scholarly journals Finite size scaling in the solar wind magnetic field energy density as seen by WIND

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 86-1-86-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Hnat ◽  
S. C. Chapman ◽  
G. Rowlands ◽  
N. W. Watkins ◽  
W. M. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Solar Wind ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Finite Size ◽  
Field Energy ◽  
Finite Size Scaling ◽  
Size Scaling ◽  
Magnetic Field Energy ◽  
Solar Wind Magnetic Field ◽  
Field Energy Density

Variations in the ratio of particle to magnetic field energy density, as observed by Ulysses/HI-SCALE

1999 ◽  
Vol 24 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 79-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Kasotakis ◽  
E.T. Sarris ◽  
P. Marhavilas ◽  
N. Sidiropoulos ◽  
P. Trochoutsos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Field Energy ◽  
Magnetic Field Energy ◽  
Field Energy Density

scholarly journals On the electrostatic energy of two point charges

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.C. Tort
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Point ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Electrostatic Field ◽  
Electrostatic Energy ◽  
Field Energy ◽  
Field Energy Density ◽  
Physical Features

The electrostatic field energy due to two fixed point-like charges shows some peculiar features concerning the distribution in space of the field energy density of the system. Here we discuss the evaluation of the field energy and the mathematical details that lead to those peculiar and non-intuitive physical features.

New Exact Vacuum Solutions in Brans–Dicke Theory

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (25) ◽  
pp. 1865-1870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis O. Pimentel
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Scalar Field ◽  
Initial Data ◽  
Cosmological Model ◽  
Exact Solutions ◽  
Spherical Symmetry ◽  
Physical System ◽  
Special Value ◽  
Isotropic Cosmological Model ◽  
Vacuum Solutions

A family of exact solutions to vacuum Brans–Dicke theory with spherical symmetry is found. In the limit of large ω this family reduces to the solutions obtained in general relativity with a scalar field. The solutions show curvature singularities for all times, therefore they do not represent the gravitational collapse of a physical system with regular initial data in the theory. One would like to interpret it as an inhomogeneous dynamical cosmology, but the lack of a regular spacelike slice forbids it. For a special value of an integration constant we have an isotropic cosmological model without the problems mentioned above.

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