AbstractIncreasing attention is currently focused on the generation of characteristic x-ray by proton irradiation. This has the advantage of yielding “clean” x-ray- i. e. free from background brerasstrahlung radiation, from even the lightest elements. The disadvantage is that the yields are naturally much lower than those produced by electrons of the same energy. A recent study has extended characteristic x-ray production to a variety of heavy ions and has shown that the cross- sections for the production of clean x-rays are often higher , by as much as several orders of magnitude, than those produced by protons of the same energy. In addition, there has emerged a further advantage, viz. the ability of specially chosen heavy ions to excite characteristic x-ray from a particular element in a selective manner. Since heavy ions penetrate only a few hundred Angstroms in to most solids, the phenomenon can be used as the basis of a technique for the examination of surface deposits, or to measure depth distributions of impurities. For example, Kr ions can be used t o determine the range distribution of antimony which had been implanted in to silicon at 100 keV. The antimony concentration was determined as a function of ∼ 150 Å steps, and was found to exhibit a maximum concentration of ∼ 1 part in 103 of silicon at 450 Å below the surface, falling to zero concentration at ∼2000 Å a depth. In the past, in order to obtain the required degree of sensitivity, such range determinations have relied on radio active tracer techniques.An entirely new type of proportional counter has been developed during the course of these studies. This instrument, because of its special construction, can be positioned very close to targets in non-dispersive studies, so as to collect the highest possible fraction of emitted x-ray. It incorporates a replaceable anode unit, together with a built- in miniature head amplifier, and exhibits extremely good performance, particularly for ultra-soft x-ray. In addition, rotation of a dial on the end of the counter body allows alteration of the active gas volume during operation, and so permits tuning into x-rays of a particular energy.
An application of a Si/CdTe Compton camera for the polarization measurement of hard x rays from highly charged heavy ions