Immunomodulatory Properties of Frondoside A, a Major Triterpene Glycoside from the North Atlantic Commercially Harvested Sea Cucumber Cucumaria frondosa

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.L. Aminin ◽  
I.G. Agafonova ◽  
V.I. Kalinin ◽  
A.S. Silchenko ◽  
S.A. Avilov ◽  
...  
ChemInform ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra S. Silchenko ◽  
Sergey A. Avilov ◽  
Anatoly I. Kalinovsky ◽  
Pavel S. Dmitrenok ◽  
Vladimir I. Kalinin ◽  
...  

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (9) ◽  
pp. 626-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra S Silchenko ◽  
Sergey A Avilov ◽  
Anatoly I Kalinovsky ◽  
Pavel S Dmitrenok ◽  
Vladimir I Kalinin ◽  
...  

Seven highly polar trisulfated triterpene glycosides belonging to the frondoside A7 group have been isolated from the North Atlantic sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa. The structures of five new glycosides, frondosides A7-1 (1), A7-2 (2), A7-3 (3), A7-4 (4), and isofrondoside C (5) were elucidated, three of which contained lanostane aglycons without a lactone-ring. Three pairs of the glycosides proved to be isomers by virture of the positions of double bonds in the aglycons nuclei; two pairs of the glycosides differed from each other by the character of the oxygen functionality at C-22. The results from these studies provided the basis for postulating the biosynthetic pathways of norlanostane glycosides in the sea cucumber.Key words: Cucumaria frondosa, sea cucumbers, frondosides, triterpene glycosides.


1892 ◽  
Vol 34 (872supp) ◽  
pp. 13940-13941
Author(s):  
Richard Beynon

2019 ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
Oleh Poshedin

The purpose of the article is to describe the changes NATO undergoing in response to the challenges of our time. Today NATO, as a key element of European and Euro-Atlantic security, is adapting to changes in the modern security environment by increasing its readiness and ability to respond to any threat. Adaptation measures include the components required to ensure that the Alliance can fully address the security challenges it might face. Responsiveness NATO Response Force enhanced by developing force packages that are able to move rapidly and respond to potential challenges and threats. As part of it, was established a Very High Readiness Joint Task Force, a new Allied joint force that deploy within a few days to respond to challenges that arise, particularly at the periphery of NATO’s territory. NATO emphasizes, that cyber defence is part of NATO’s core task of collective defence. A decision as to when a cyber attack would lead to the invocation of Article 5 would be taken by the North Atlantic Council on a case-by-case basis. Cooperation with NATO already contributes to the implementation of national security and defense in state policy. At the same time, taking into account that all decision-making in NATO based on consensus, Ukraine’s membership in the Alliance quite vague perspective. In such circumstances, in Ukraine you often can hear the idea of announcement of a neutral status. It is worth reminding that non-aligned status did not save Ukraine from Russian aggression. Neutral status will not accomplish it either. All talks about neutrality and the impossibility of Ukraine joining NATO are nothing but manipulations, as well as recognition of the Ukrainian territory as Russian Federation area of influence (this country seeks to sabotage the Euro-Atlantic movement of Ukraine). Think about it, Moldova’s Neutrality is enshrined in the country’s Constitution since 1994. However, this did not help Moldova to restore its territorial integrity and to force Russia to withdraw its troops and armaments from Transnistria.


2018 ◽  
Vol 601 ◽  
pp. 109-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
N McGinty ◽  
AD Barton ◽  
NR Record ◽  
ZV Finkel ◽  
AJ Irwin

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