Generation for Peak Demand

This paper evaluates the potential energy use and peak demand savings associated with optimal controls of switchable transparent insulation systems (STIS) applied to smart windows for US residential buildings. The optimal controls are developed based on Genetic Algorithm (GA) to identify the automatic settings of the dynamic shades. First, switchable insulation systems and their operation mechanisms are briefly described when combined with smart windows. Then, the GA-based optimization approach is outlined to operate switchable insulation systems applied to windows for a prototypical US residential building. The optimized controls are implemented to reduce heating and cooling energy end-uses for a house located four US locations, during three representative days of swing, summer, and winter seasons. The performance of optimal controller is compared to that obtained using simplified rule-based control sets to operate the dynamic insulation systems. The analysis results indicate that optimized controls of STISs can save up to 81.8% in daily thermal loads compared to the simplified rule-set especially when dwellings are located in hot climates such as that of Phoenix, AZ. Moreover, optimally controlled STISs can reduce electrical peak demand by up to 49.8% compared to the simplified rule-set, indicating significant energy efficiency and demand response potentials of the SIS technology when applied to US residential buildings.

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Model Predictive Control Strategies to Activate the Energy Flexibility for Zones with Hydronic Radiant Systems

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14041195 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 1195

Author(s):

Ali Saberi Derakhtenjani ◽

Andreas K. Athienitis

Keyword(s):

Control Strategies ◽

High Price ◽

Electricity Prices ◽

Peak Demand ◽

Heating Systems ◽

Electrical Grid ◽

Demand Reduction ◽

The Cost ◽

Floor System ◽

Radiant Floor Heating

This paper presents control strategies to activate energy flexibility for zones with radiant heating systems in response to changes in electricity prices. The focus is on zones with radiant floor heating systems for which the hydronic pipes are located deep in the concrete and, therefore, there is a significant thermal lag. A perimeter zone test-room equipped with a hydronic radiant floor system in an environmental chamber is used as a case study. A low order thermal network model for the perimeter zone, validated with experimental measurements, is utilized to study various control strategies in response to changes in the electrical grid price signal, including short term (nearly reactive) changes of the order of 10–15 min notice. An index is utilized to quantify the building energy flexibility with the focus on peak demand reduction for specific periods of time when the electricity prices are higher than usual. It is shown that the developed control strategies can aid greatly in enhancing the zone energy flexibility and minimizing the cost of electricity and up to 100% reduction in peak power demand and energy consumption is attained during the high-price and peak-demand periods, while maintaining acceptable comfort conditions.

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Demand Side Residential Load Management System for Minimizing Energy Consumption Cost and Reducing Peak Demand in Smart Grid

2020 2nd International Conference on Advanced Information and Communication Technology (ICAICT) ◽

10.1109/icaict51780.2020.9333451 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Md. Atiqur Rahman ◽

Ishmam Rahman ◽

Nur Mohammad

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Smart Grid ◽

Management System ◽

Load Management ◽

Demand Side ◽

Peak Demand ◽

Consumption Cost

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Bottom-Up Generation of Peak Demand Scenarios in Water Distribution Networks

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13010031 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 31

Author(s):

Enrico Creaco ◽

Giacomo Galuppini ◽

Alberto Campisano ◽

Marco Franchini

Keyword(s):

Water Distribution ◽

Distribution Networks ◽

Water Distribution Networks ◽

Peak Demand ◽

Long Time ◽

Cross Correlations ◽

User Demand ◽

One Year ◽

The One ◽

Best Fit

This paper presents a two-step methodology for the stochastic generation of snapshot peak demand scenarios in water distribution networks (WDNs), each of which is based on a single combination of demand values at WDN nodes. The methodology describes the hourly demand at both nodal and WDN scales through a beta probabilistic model, which is flexible enough to suit both small and large demand aggregations in terms of mean, standard deviation, and skewness. The first step of the methodology enables generating separately the peak demand samples at WDN nodes. Then, in the second step, the nodal demand samples are consistently reordered to build snapshot demand scenarios for the WDN, while respecting the rank cross-correlations at lag 0. The applications concerned the one-year long dataset of about 1000 user demand values from the district of Soccavo, Naples (Italy). Best-fit scaling equations were constructed to express the main statistics of peak demand as a function of the average demand value on a long-time horizon, i.e., one year. The results of applications to four case studies proved the methodology effective and robust for various numbers and sizes of users.

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Housing Design and Mobility Convenience—The Case of Sweden

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13020474 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 474

Author(s):

Ulrika Gunnarsson-Östling

Keyword(s):

Parking Space ◽

Pilot Projects ◽

Peak Demand ◽

New Normal ◽

Housing Design ◽

Housing Projects ◽

Academic Literature ◽

Car Travel

A parking space is the beginning and the end of every car journey. Policies aimed at parking spaces are, thus, an effective way of affecting car travel. Policies regarding parking typically mean setting minimum parking requirements to meet the peak demand for parking. However, in several Swedish cities, as well as around Europe, attempts are made to lower the number of parking places. One way is to build homes without parking places for cars and pilot projects with zero-parking have started to materialize. This paper looks into the academic literature in the field of design and architecture to see how parking issues are dealt with. It also looks into ongoing practice by studying three pilot projects in Sweden that challenge the dominant parking norm by planning and building for a new normal—mobility convenience and zero parking. Both the literature and the cases point to little knowledge in the field. However, high demands on “creative mobility solutions” are placed on housing projects without parking places for cars. Even if the effects of sustainability are still unknown, zero parking pilot projects can narrate the possibility of another future—a future with mobility convenience instead of parking convenience.

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