Growth of Global Corporate Debt: Main Facts and Policy Challenges

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Facundo Abraham ◽  
Juan J. Cortina ◽  
Sergio Schmukler
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Debt Financing ◽  
Corporate Debt ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Emerging Market Firms ◽  
Global Economic Growth ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis

There has been substantial debate about the expansion of global non-financial corporate debt after the global financial crisis (GFC) of 2008–2009. But the main facts and policy challenges discussed in the literature are yet to be uncovered and summarized. Understanding the trends and issues can help readers gauge how large the growth of this type of financing has been, as well as the risks that more non-financial corporate debt might entail. Non-financial corporate debt steadily increased after the GFC, especially in emerging economies. Between 2008 and 2018, corporate debt rose from 56 to 96% of gross domestic product (GDP) in emerging economies whereas it grew at the same rate as GDP in developed economies. Non-financial corporate debt after the crisis was mainly issued through bond markets, and its growth can be largely attributed to accommodative monetary policies in developed economies. Although the growth in debt financing has some positive aspects for emerging market firms in terms of expanding financing and diversifying financing sources, it also amplified solvency risks and firms’ exposure to changes in market conditions. Slower global economic growth worldwide as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic could impose significant costs to emerging market firms that increased reliance on debt financing. Policy makers in emerging economies face challenges to mitigate overall risks and to contain corporate vulnerability in the non-financial sector. Because capital markets have an important role in the expansion of financial activity and are not as regulated as banks, policy makers have limited tools to alleviate the risks of growing non-financial corporate debt.

scholarly journals Volatility Contagion across the Equity Markets of Developed and Emerging Market Economies

2019 ◽  
pp. 99-117
Author(s):  
Masazumi Hattori ◽  
Ilhyock Shim ◽  
Yoshihiko Sugihara
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Equity Markets ◽  
Emerging Market Economies ◽  
Fund Flows ◽  
Equity Fund ◽  
Market Economies ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis

Using variance risk premiums (VRPs) nonparametrically calculated from equity markets in selected major developed economies and emerging market economies (EMEs) over 2007–15, this chapter documents the correlation of VRPs across markets, examining whether equity fund flows work as a path through which VRPs spill over globally. It finds that VRPs tend to spike up during market turmoil such as the peak of the global financial crisis and the European debt crisis; that all cross-equity market correlations of VRPs are positive, and that some economy pairs exhibit high levels of the correlation. In terms of volatility contagion, it finds that an increase in US VRPs significantly reduces equity fund flows to other developed economies, but not those to EMEs, following the global financial crisis. Two-stage least squares estimation results show that equity fund flows are a channel for spillover of US VRPs to VRPs in other developed economies.

scholarly journals Capital flows to emerging economies during and after the global financial crisis in 2008

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Dr.Sc. Vesna Georgieva Svrtinov ◽  
Dr.Sc. Riste Temjanovski
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Capital Flows ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Capital Inflows ◽  
International Capital ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis

This paper analyses dynamics of various types of capital flows to emerging economies during and after the global financial crisis. The first part discusses dynamics of various types of international capital flows during the global financial crisis. The second part focuses on the regional distribution of capital inflows to emerging markets economies. The third part raises the issue of the changed pattern of foreign direct investment, observed during and after the global crisis. The fourth part discusses possible policy responses for dealing with volatile capital flows to emerging market economies.

Israel and the World Economy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Assaf Razin
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Orthodox Jews ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
High Inflation ◽  
Fast Development

The book objective is two-fold: First, the book provides rigorous analysis of some of the major globalization episodes during the decade's long emergence of the economy of Israel. Second, the book spells out, empirically, how the globalization played a crucial role in advancing Israel's economic progress. That is, economists and policy makers can gain insights as to how a globalized economy takes advantage of international trade, labor mobility, its international financial links, and at the same time push up against globalization headwinds, such as those triggered by the 2008 global financial crisis. A general lesson which comes out is that once a gradual opening up process is set, time-consistent macroeconomic policy is adapted, and well-regulated institutional setup is put in place, Israel’s economy has been able ride on growth-enhancing globalization flows, and weather its chilly storms. The book analyzes these game-changing events, evaluates their role in Israel remarkable development, and compares these developments to groups of developed and emerging- market economies in similar circumstances. To gain broader perspective, the book also looks back into recent history. The unique saga of Israel’s high-inflation crisis and the long period where it rebuilt the major financial, and monetary institutions, and regulatory bodies. These elements provided better macroeconomic stability and help mitigate business cycle fluctuations, and get the economy through military conflicts and boycotts. The book also surveys trending developments that remain challenging. The exceptionally high fertility among ultra-Orthodox Jews, and Arab minority, increasing portions of the population, is the main reason for the flagging labor-force participation. High fertility diminishes skill attainment. A rise in income inequality in all advanced economies, which also takes place in Israel, has a potential for setting off social-political divide. In the case of Israel, its fast development came, however, at the cost of rising income inequality and social polarization. Israel now has the most unequal distribution of income among OECD countries and its public education has declined from one of the best to one of the worst in the OECD. Israel’s income redistributive policies, from rich to poor, from healthy to the sick and from young to old, is significantly less comprehensive in scope, compared to the European systems. It has been becoming even less so over the last decades. Israel has an unusually high fertility rate among the developed economies. The book endeavors to marry economic theory, empirical evidence, and narrative presentation. It does so in a way that is enlightening to the specialist, but remains digestible for the non-professional reader. It provides an opportunity for the reader to look through the rear mirror at the saga of Israel’s high-inflation, and the inflation conquest. To connect to the earlier literature, the book provides a review of books surveys of the earlier phases in the development of the economy of Israel. There could be at least two potential groups of readers: a. Policy makers, academic and non-academic (international institutions, banks, etc.) researchers and students interested in the Israeli Economy; b. Policy makers, academic and non-academic researches, interested in the effects of globalization; and, c. Advanced undergraduate, and graduate students in international macroeconomics courses.

Financialization and state capitalism in Hungary after the Global Financial Crisis

2021 ◽  
pp. 102452942110032
Author(s):  
David Karas
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Active Role ◽  
The State ◽  
State Capitalism ◽  
Political Risks ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis

Whereas the active role of the state in steering financialization is consensual in advanced economies, the financialization of emerging market economies is usually examined through the prism of dependency: this downplays the domestic political functions of financialization and the agency of the state. With the consolidation of state capitalist regimes in the semi-periphery after the Global Financial Crisis, different interpretations emerged – some linking state capitalism with de-financialization, others with coercive projects deepening it. Preferring a more granular and multi-dimensional approach, I analyse how different facets of financialization might represent political risks or opportunities for state capitalist projects: Based on the Hungarian example, I first explain how the constitution of a ‘financial vertical’ after 2010 inaugurated a new mode of statecraft. Second, I show how the financial vertical enabled rentier bargains between state and society after 2015 by deepening the financialization of social policy and housing in response to a looming crisis of competitiveness.

INFLATION TARGETING: IT'S NOT BROKE, IT DOESN'T NEED FIXING, BUT CAN IT SURVIVE?

2010 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 59-80
Author(s):  
PIERRE L. SIKLOS
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Inflation Targeting ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Asset Price ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Price Increases ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Nominal Anchor

Until the end of 2005 there were few outward signs that the inflation targeting (IT) monetary policy strategy was deemed fragile or that the likelihood of abandoning it was high. In light of the severe economic downturn and the global financial crisis that has afflicted most economies around the world since at least 2008, it is worth reconsidering the question of the fragility of the inflation targeting regime. This paper reprises the approach followed in Siklos (2008) but adds important new twists. For example, the present study asks whether the continued survival of IT is due to the fact that some of the central banks in question did take account of changes in financial stress. The answer is no. Indeed, many central banks are seen as enablers of rapid asset price increases. The lesson, however, is not that inflation targeting needs to be repaired. Instead, refinements should be considered to the existing inflation targeting strategy which has evolved considerably since it was first introduced in New Zealand 20 years ago. Most notably, there should be continued emphasis on inflation as the primary nominal anchor of monetary policy, especially in emerging market economies (EME), even if additional duties are assigned to central banks in response to recent events.

How firms borrow in international bond markets

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-169
Author(s):  
Alberto Fuertes ◽  
Jose María Serena
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Choice Behavior ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Securities And Exchange Commission ◽  
Bond Markets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Parametric Analyses ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis

Purpose This paper aims to investigate how firms from emerging economies choose among different international bond markets: global, US144A and Eurobond markets. The authors explore if the ranking in regulatory stringency –global bonds have the most stringent regulations and Eurobonds have the most lenient regulations – leads to a segmentation of borrowers. Design/methodology/approach The authors use a novel data set from emerging economy firms, treating them as consolidated entities. The authors also obtain descriptive evidence and perform univariate non-parametric analyses, conditional and multinomial logit analyses to study firms’ marginal debt choice decisions. Findings The authors show that firms with poorer credit quality, less ability to absorb flotation costs and more informational asymmetries issue debt in US144A and Eurobond markets. On the contrary, firms issuing global bonds – subject to full Securities and Exchange Commission requirements – are financially sounder and larger. This exercise also shows that following the global crisis, firms from emerging economies are more likely to tap less regulated debt markets. Originality/value This is, to the authors’ knowledge, the first study that examines if the ranking in stringency of regulation – global bonds have the most stringent regulations and Eurobonds have the most lenient regulations – is consistent with an ordinal choice by firms. The authors also explore if this ranking is monotonic in all determinants or there are firm-specific features which make firms unlikely to borrow in a given market. Finally, the authors analyze if there are any changes in the debt-choice behavior of firms after the global financial crisis.

scholarly journals Confidence in future monetary policy as a way to overcome the liquidity trap

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-135
Author(s):  
Olga Kuznetsova ◽  
Sergey Merzlyakov ◽  
Sergey Pekarski
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Time Consistency ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Time Inconsistency ◽  
Liquidity Trap ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis

The global financial crisis of 2007–2009 has changed the landscape for monetary policy. Many central banks in developed economies had to employ various unconventional policy tools to overcome a liquidity trap. These included large-scale asset purchase programs, forward guidance and negative interest rate policies. While recently, some central banks were able to return to conventional monetary policy, for many countries the effectiveness of unconventional policies remains an issue. In this paper we assess diverse practices of unconventional monetary policy with a particular focus on expectations and time consistency. The principal aspect of successful policy in terms of overcoming a liquidity trap is the confidence that interest rates will remain low for a prolonged period. However, forming such expectations faces the problem of time inconsistency of optimal policy. We discuss some directions to solve this problem.

scholarly journals r minus g negative

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (52) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Mauro ◽  
Jing Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Borrowing Costs ◽  
Debt Dynamics ◽  
High Government ◽  
Traditional Assumption ◽  
Historical Database ◽  
Sovereign Defaults ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis

Contrary to the traditional assumption of interest rates on government debt exceeding economic growth, negative interest-growth differentials have become prevalent since the global financial crisis. As these differentials are a key determinant of public debt dynamics, can we sleep more soundly, despite high government debts? Our paper undertakes an empirical analysis of interestgrowth differentials, using the largest historical database on average effective government borrowing costs for 55 countries over up to 200 years. We document that negative differentials have occurred more often than not, in both advanced and emerging economies, and have often persisted for long historical stretches. Moreover, differentials are no higher prior to sovereign defaults than in normal times. Marginal (rather than average) government borrowing costs often rise abruptly and sharply, but just prior to default. Based on these results, our answer is: not really.

scholarly journals Empty talk? University voices on the Global Financial Crisis

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd Bridgman
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
News Media ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Housing Prices ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Us ◽  
Complex Events ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Company Sector

The global financial crisis (GFC) which began in 2007 with a liquidity squeeze in the US banking system and which continues to play out today has affected us all, whether through the collapse of the finance company sector, rising unemployment, falling housing prices or the recession which followed the initial market crash. The speed and scope of the crisis surprised most experts – policy makers included. Specialists from a myriad of disciplines, from economics and finance to risk management, corporate governance and property, are trying to make sense of what happened, why it happened and what it means for us now and into the future. Members of the public rely on the news media to keep them informed of the crisis as it unfolds and they rely on experts to translate these complex events into a language which they can understand. The GFC is educating us all, and it is important that we all learn from it to avoid making the same mistakes again. 

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