inflation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin P. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Quantitative Measurements

Inflation typically refers to rising prices. In both ancient and modern societies, inflation is sometimes difficult to identify, measure, and explain with precision. Inflation can occur in the prices of individual goods, the goods and services associated with a particular industry or sector of an economy, or as a macro-phenomenon in which all or most prices in an economy rise. The magnitude of price rises and the duration during which prices stay elevated also have a bearing on how inflation is studied. The ancient world witnessed periods of both slow and steady inflation as well as punctuated surges in prices. Some regions, such as Egypt, offer hundreds of prices, which facilitate quantitative measurements of inflation. In many areas and periods, however, inflation is poorly understood because sufficient numbers of prices do not survive. Scholars, therefore, often use theoretical models and proxy evidence to better understand the nuances and complexity of inflation in classical antiquity.

scholarly journals Tradición clásica y mitos en la poesía cubana del siglo XIX

2020 ◽  
pp. 683-694
Author(s):  
Ángel Ruiz Pérez ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Jose Marti ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Julian Del Casal ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Poesia Cubana

Study of myths and motifs of classical antiquity in the poetry of some important Cuban poets of the 19th century (José María Heredia, Juan Clemente Zenea, Enrique José Varona Julián del Casal and especially José Martí). The importance of art as a subject and as a way of connecting with the ancient world and above all, the centrality of political issues are key aspects that explain the repeated presence of Prometheus and Laocoon

Measuring the Output Gap using Large Datasets

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-45
Author(s):  
Matteo Barigozzi ◽  
Matteo Luciani
Keyword(s):  
Factor Model ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Output Growth ◽  
Output Gap ◽  
Dynamic Factor ◽  
Dynamic Factor Model ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Slow Drift ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators

Abstract We propose a new measure of the output gap based on a dynamic factor model that is estimated on a large number of U.S. macroeconomic indicators and which incorporates relevant stylized facts about macroeconomic data (co-movements, non-stationarity, and the slow drift in long-run output growth over time). We find that, (1) from the mid-1990s to 2008, the U.S. economy operated above its potential; and, (2) in 2018:Q4, the labor market was tighter than the market for goods and services. Because it is mainly data-driven, our measure is a natural complementary tool to the theoretical models used at policy institutions.

Karl Polanyi’s Anthropological Theory of Economy

Naukratis ◽  
2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid Moller
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Economic Organization ◽  
Ideal Types ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

In accordance with the hermeneutical principles laid down in the introduction, this chapter will be devoted to an account of the theoretical models underlying the analysis and interpretation of the source material. Karl Polanyi’s empirical observations resulted in a series of ideal-types such as can be employed for the evaluation of the evidence from Naukratis in the following chapters. Polanyi’s works do not form one single, complete theory of economy; rather, they should be seen—as Sally Humphreys has put it so aptly—as sketches of areas within largely unexplored territory. It is of course true that George Dalton went to great lengths to develop Polanyi’s ideas further; the fact nevertheless remains that they continue to be far from accepted as paradigms for all further research in the field of economic anthropology or economic history. Indeed, such continuations of Polanyi’s approach have served only to limit unduly the openness that is the very advantage of his ideal-types. It is for this reason that one should return to Polanyi himself and employ his original ideas. His work has been taken up by only a few within the realm of the economic history of classical antiquity, something due partly to his own—problematic—statements on the subject of Greek history, and partly to lack of interest shown for anthropological approaches within ancient history. Polanyi disagreed with the view that markets were the ubiquitous form of economic organization—an attitude regarding the notion of the market as essential to the description of every economy—and also with the belief that it is the economic organization of any given society which determines its social, political, and cultural structures. For his part, Polanyi contended that an economy organized around the market first came into being with the Industrial Revolution, and that it was not until then that the two root meanings of the word ‘economic’—on the one hand, in the sense of provision with goods; on the other, in the sense of a thrifty use of resources, as in the words ‘economical’ and ‘economizing’—merged.

Embodied Antiquity

2020 ◽  
pp. 191-226
Author(s):  
James Uden
Keyword(s):  
Short Story ◽  
Mary Shelley ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Emotional Connection ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Past ◽  
Verse Drama ◽  
The Last Man

The final chapter of the book turns to the nexus between classical antiquity, Romanticism, and the Gothic, as it is reflected in the writings of Mary Shelley. “Reanimation” has been frequently identified as a consistent trope in Shelley’s work. This chapter argues, by contrast, that Shelley repeatedly creates fantastic scenarios in which ancient and modern times meet, and modernity is revealed to be weak or insufficient when faced with the strength and vitality of the ancient world. The chapter turns first to Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus (1818), in which Victor Frankenstein’s efforts at creation are implicitly compared to the ancient model announced in the subtitle, and judged a grotesque failure. Then, the chapter turns to a series of texts written while Shelley was living in Italy—the short story “Valerius, the Reanimated Roman,” her novella Mathilda, and her verse drama Proserpine—each of which dramatizes the unsatisfying and disappointed search for emotional connection with characters from antiquity. Finally, the chapter turns to Shelley’s end-of-days novel The Last Man (1826). This novel’s many allusions to Rome and antiquity reinforce the gulf that separates an idealized antiquity from a doomed, weakening present. Shelley’s writings vividly demonstrate the seductive pleasures of engaging with ideas from antiquity, but ultimately she expresses little hope that we can truly connect with the frightening giants of the past.

scholarly journals Constructing Functional Models of Economic Phenomena by the Method of Statistical Equations of Dependences

2017 ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
О. І. Kulynych
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Statistical Modeling ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Regional Product

The functional theoretical model of the socio-economic development of regions is constructed by the method of statistical equations of dependences, for substantiating objectives, plans and standards. The nomenclature of factors with impact on the formation of gross regional product is proposed, the share of impact of each factor is determined. In the new economic conditions, the concept of planning is determined from the perspective of outlining the ways to achieve its effectiveness. The process of planning needs to consist of formulating overall strategic intentions on determining specific and detailed actions aimed at generating income and spending over a certain period (a year or five years), outlining the ways and means for the achievement of goals. An important component in this process is control over the achievement of the goal by comparing reported and planned data, identifying and evaluating factors with either positive or negative impact on the economic performance. Solutions to the issues of planning and forecasting of phenomena and processes, structural change in the economy or stability of the economic system are a matter of vital importance for scientific communities, practical economists and power officials. This is a reason behind great attention drawn to constructing of economic development models, designed to analyze allocation of production resources and distribution of the national product for social purposes, which constitutes the main function of the state policy Basically, economic and statistical modeling can be made by use of the following models: model of economic systems; model of production process; model of demand and consumption of goods and services; model of prices and income; model of financial flows; model of national economy; model of socio-economic development. When modeling the socio-economic development at country or regional level, constructing and evaluating social and economic policies at either level, statistical methods need to be used, expert methods and methods of neural-fuzzy modeling in particular. Use of the method of statistical equations of dependences allows for supplementing the given nomenclature of forms for economic and statistical modeling by the following types of modeling: substantiating the objectives, plans or standards of the development of economic phenomena through constructing of functional theoretical models; predicting change in the factors when determining the level of socio-economic phenomena in a future period. Understanding the essence of an economic model is greatly important for generating information about the socio-economic development.

Roman Germany and provincial archaeology

2019 ◽  
pp. 585-598
Author(s):  
Philip Kiernan
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
New World ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
American Perspective ◽  
Roman Provinces ◽  
Roman Germany ◽  
North American Perspective

This chapter presents a North American perspective on the state of archaeological research and methodology in Roman Germany. It suggests that despite the huge amount of interest in classical antiquity in the New World, and scholarly research in other Roman provinces, the Roman west has been of so little interest as a result of educational and scholarly traditions. The chapter explains how Roman Germany and other western provinces fit into a North American view of the ancient world. It then turns to the point of how German archaeological scholarship could be made more accessible to a North American audience, and why such accessibility and extending the profile of Germany’s archaeological traditions should be a desirable goal.

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Daniel Ogden
Keyword(s):  
Ancient World ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
The World ◽  
General Abstract

The Introduction establishes the argument of the book (see general abstract) and lays out its structure. It explains the current volume’s origin in the author’s earlier books on dragons in the ancient world, Drakōn and Dragons, Serpents, and Slayers, and in the desirability of tracing the story of how the modern western dragon evolved out of the ancient one described there. The book is divided into three parts, bearing upon (I) classical antiquity, (II) the world of hagiography (saints’ lives), and (III) the Germanic world, principally the Norse one. It is stipulated that the book confines itself to documenting the development of a particular tradition, albeit a vast one, and that it is not an attempt to explain the dragon, or man’s obsession with it, at any universal level, psychological or other.

scholarly journals A Goddess Arrives: Nineteenth Century Sources of the New Age Triple Moon Goddess

2005 ◽  
Vol 09 (01) ◽  
pp. 47-71
Author(s):  
Prudence Jones
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
New Age ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Poetic Imagination ◽  
Ex Nihilo ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Jane Ellen Harrison

The Triple Moon Goddess of contemporary Pagan and New Age thought is generally assumed to be an invention ex nihilo of the 20th century, with no precursor in classical antiquity, created by the poetic imagination of Robert Graves (1895-1985), with possible inspiration from the classicist and anthropologist Jane Ellen Harrison (1850-1928). However this hypothesis is incorrect. The Triple Goddess was presented in the 20th century before Graves. In addition, this paper is the first to reveal some astrological and esoteric as well as scholarly writings of the 19th century which presented and discussed a triple moon goddess from the ancient world whose identity would have been familiar to most educated men (and a few women) of the time.

scholarly journals RESONATION OF THE VITRUVIUS'S MODULAR, SYSTEMATIC APPROACH WITH THE COMPUTATIONAL MINDSET OF THE DIGITAL AGE: 3D MODELING OF THE IONIAN TEMPLES OF AEGEAN TURKEY

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W15 ◽  
pp. 389-396
Author(s):  
A. Denker
Keyword(s):  
3D Modeling ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Digital Age ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Visual Recovery ◽  
Archaeological Remains ◽  
3D Visualisation ◽  
Comprehensive Treatise

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Eight of the greatest Ionic temples of the ancient world were built on or near the Aegean coast of Turkey, from the dipteros of Chersiphron in Ephesos to the pseudo-dipteroi of Hermogenes in Teos and Magnesia. The temples were the epitome of elegance and splendour, difficult to surpass in terms of architectural achievement for a period of four centuries from 6<sup>th</sup> century to 2<sup>nd</sup> century BC which spans Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic eras. All of these edifices now lie in ruins. As various empires in the region rose and fell, the temples suffered looting and destruction. Nature also played a part with rivers inundating the temenoses and silting up the archaeological remains, and earthquakes toppling columns and reducing the <i>cellas</i> to rubble. Despite this catacylism, tens of hundreds of years after they were built, these marble buildings still tantalise the human imagination. The objective of this paper is to present a systematic and comprehensive treatise of the logical procedure of the 3D visualisation of these monuments of the ancient cities of classical antiquity. The virtual rediscovery and visual recovery can never replace or remedy the loss of the temples. It can, however, visually awaken the imagination and provide a hypothesised experience of the temples as well as restoring a sense of the architecture and the place.</p>

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