rape

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon James
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assaults ◽  
Human Females ◽  
Standard Practice ◽  
Art And Literature ◽  
Helen Of Troy ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
War Rape ◽  
Post War

Only the rape of citizens was taken seriously by law. Sexual assaults on non-citizens were lesser matters. Rape of enslaved persons, a daily reality, was a crime only if committed by someone other than their owner. Rape of citizen males damaged their reputations; rape of citizen females could render them ineligible for marriage. Ancient myth features almost countless stories of rape, usually of human females by divine males. These tales were common subjects in ancient art and literature. Overwhelmingly, the victims are unmarried girls, who may suffer brutal treatment afterward and frequently bear miraculous offspring, some of whom establish cities (e.g., Romulus and Remus). Rape by human men is rarer in myth; rape of a wife causes massive militarized response (e.g., Helen of Troy, Lucretia). War-rape and post-war rape were standard practice around the Mediterranean.

The departure of the Greeks from Egypt, 1961: the perspective of Greek diplomacy

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Evanthis Hatzivassiliou
Keyword(s):  
Near East ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Younger Generation ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Many ◽  
Economic Failure

The departure of the greater part of the Greek community from Egypt is one of the many sad stories of the post-war Mediterranean. This article focuses upon the reports of the Greek Consul-General in Alexandria, Byron Theodoropoulos, regarding the Egyptian ‘Socialist Laws’ of summer 1961, which gave the coup de grâce to the Greek community. It argues that the expulsion of the Greeks was part of a wider redistribution of power in the region. This episode, together with similar experiences in other parts of the Mediterranean, evidently cemented the determination of a younger generation of political leaders and diplomats to seek Greece's future in the cosmopolitan, post-nationalist West, rather than in a ‘Near East’ rife with nationalism and economic failure.

scholarly journals WARTIME AND POST-WAR RAPE IN FRANCO'S SPAIN

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
ÁNGEL ALCALDE
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Structural Transformations ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Political Repression ◽  
War Rape ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Post War ◽  
Spanish Archives

Abstract By examining the experience of rape in Spain in the 1930s and 1940s, this article explains how the Spanish Civil War and Franco's dictatorship dramatically increased the likelihood of women becoming victims of sexual assault. Contrary to what historians often assume, this phenomenon was not the result of rape being deliberately used as a ‘weapon of war’ or as a blunt method of political repression against women. The upsurge in sexual violence was a by-product of structural transformations in the wartime and dictatorial contexts, and it was the direct consequence, rather than the instrument, of the violent imposition of a fascist-inspired regime. Using archival evidence from numerous Spanish archives, the article historicizes rape in a wider cultural, legal, and social context and reveals the essential albeit ambiguous political nature of both wartime and post-war rape. The experience of rape was mostly shaped not by repression but structural factors such as ruralization and social hierarchization, demographic upheavals, exacerbation of violent masculinity models, the proliferation of weapons, and the influence of fascist and national-Catholic ideologies. Rape became an expression of the nature of power and social and gender relations in Franco's regime.

Heide Circle

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Haese
Keyword(s):  
Contemporary Art ◽  
Early Phase ◽  
Institutional Support ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Art Collectors ◽  
Art And Literature ◽  
Post War ◽  
New Generation

The group of avant-garde Australian artists and their supporters, now identified as the Heide Circle, evolved over three decades, from the pioneering modernism of the early 1930s through the post-war era of the mid-1960s. These Melbourne-based artists constituted the essential core of radical Australian modernism; the early phase including, most notably, Sidney Nolan, Albert Tucker, Arthur Boyd, John Perceval, and the Russian-born émigré Danila Vassilieff. The work of these pioneering artists demonstrated a highly original antipodean response to European expressionist, cubist, and surrealist movements, together with a new fascination with untutored and naïve art. The group shared personal and institutional support from the art collectors and patrons John and Sunday Reed, whose semi-rural home called ‘‘Heide‘‘ on the outskirts of Melbourne became the focus of the movement. In 1938, the Reeds spearheaded the establishment of the Contemporary Art Society (CAS) in order to promote the modernist movement in Australian art. Along with the young poet Max Harris, the Reeds also began publishing the key cultural journal Angry Penguins, which was dedicated to championing radical art and literature. These initiatives eventually collapsed in 1947. However, the revival of the CAS in 1953 initiated a second phase of the Heide circle, together with a new generation of artists.

Hellenistic Literature

Classics ◽  
2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dee L. Clayman
Keyword(s):  
Social Changes ◽  
Alexander The Great ◽  
Traditional Definition ◽  
Art And Literature ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Greek World

The Hellenistic era, so named by J. G. Droysen, begins with the death of Alexander the Great in 323 bce and ends in 31 bce, when the Romans effectively took control of the Mediterranean after the battle of Actium. The term was later applied to the cultural output of the age by Wilamowitz. The dramatic developments in art and literature, philosophy and science that characterize this period are usually attributed to the dramatic political and social changes that swept over the Greek world after Alexander’s death. This picture is complicated by the fact that some aspects of the Hellenistic appear in the last part of the 4th century, when the social and political changes that theoretically inspired them were only just getting under way. Though these and other difficulties have challenged the traditional definition, on the whole it has proven to be a useful label.

Boats, planes and trains: British migration, mobility and transnational experience

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Lunt
Keyword(s):  
International Migration ◽  
Retirement Migration ◽  
Migration Experience ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Qualitative Work ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Post War ◽  
Migratory Experience

This paper discusses the paucity of scholarship on contemporary British international migration experience, and highlights why British nations are viewed as beyond detailed international migration and transnational scholarship. Resisting this closure, discussion invokes a transnational lens to explore three flows: post-war migration of British citizens to traditional destinations; British retirement migration to the Mediterranean; and British professional migration. The paper adds its voice to a growing body of work that argues for a widening of the migration agenda to include qualitative work and a transnational approach to enable British migratory experience to be fully investigated.

Chou En-lai on Safari

1964 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 174-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. C. Adie
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Post War

Chou en-lai's recent “western expedition” to Africa and the Mediterranean was Peking's greatest diplomatic effort to date outside the Communist world. Coming at a time when China had openly split from Russia and yet remained at odds with America, India, and most other countries, it marked a turning point in Peking's foreign policy and perhaps in the entire post-war structure of international relations.

Recent work in the Dodecanese and Cyrenaica

Antiquity ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 22 (86) ◽  
pp. 75-78
Author(s):  
T. Burton Brown
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Reasonable Amount ◽  
High Expenditure ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Post War ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Ancient Monuments ◽  
Very High ◽  
Interim Period

Ex-Enemy territories, such as the Italian colonies in the Mediterranean, are administered on a care and maintenance basis so long as they remain under temporary allied control during the post-war interim period. It is on this basis that the U.K. undertook the administration of the Dodecanese, Tripolitania and Cyrenaica after British troops had entered those areas and, in one case, until a permanent government was established. The British Administrations set up in those territories have all established Departments responsible for caring for the ancient monuments, and these Departments have been expected to function on the same basis of care and maintenance. If the phrase were interpreted to mean care and maintenance of the antiquities as was done at the time of the Italian Administrations it would involve a very high expenditure, and this has not been possible. But a reasonable amount of work has been done. What has been achieved in two of the territories named is described briefly in the following pages. A short conclusion is added, making some recommendations for the preservation of ancient monuments, since this is a matter, especially in the Mediterranean area, which is not a private local affair but of interest to the whole world.

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