Does Aid Drive Migration? Evidence from a Shift-Share Instrument∗

Foreign aid payments have been a key policy response by Global North countries to reduce increased migration flows from the Global South. In this article, we contribute to the literature on the relationship between aid and international migration flows and estimate the contemporaneous effect of bilateral aid payments on bilateral, international migration flows. The fundamental problem in analyzing this relationship is endogeneity, or reverse causality. To address this issue and achieve causal inference, we use a shift-share, or Bartik, instrument. Examining migration flows between 198 origin countries and 16 OECD destination countries over 36 years (1980−2015), we find a positive relationship between aid and migration. A ten-percent increase in aid payments will increase migration by roughly 2 percent. We further document non-linearity in the relationship between aid and migration and find an inverted U-shaped relationship between aid and migration flows. The findings presented here have implications for the design of bilateral and multilateral aid policies and for achieving various United Nations Sustainable Development Goals by stressing the importance of a better coordination between aid and immigration policies.

“Let Them Make It Rain and Bling”: Unveiling Community Expectations towards Returned Migrants in Cameroon

In Africa, international migration to the Global North is often interpreted as a means to achieve upward social mobility. This article highlights the importance of considering the socio-economic and political transformations that form migration aspirations, especially among African youths. Simultaneously, increasing restrictive migration regimes impacts the extent to which migrants can meet the clauses in the moral economy of migration in their origin communities. We focus on (Anglophone) Cameroon, where international migration is referred to as “bushfalling”. A person who migrates to a Western society desires or is expected to return home to share the wealth he/she has accumulated. This interpretation of migration forms different perspectives regarding migrants and guides expectations towards returned migrants. However, little is known on how these expectations are defined and redefined in the society of return. Based on focus group discussions conducted among local community members, we show that the expectations were guided by the visa regimes of destination countries. Moreover, successful returnees were defined by their ability to be visible and create an impact after return. Thus, this article contributes more broadly to an African perspective on the meaning and impact of return migration.

Foreign Labor Migration Causes and Impacts in Nepal

This paper reflects the situation of foreign labour migration of Nepalese People. Globally, foreign labour migration is in increasing trends. In Nepalese context also foreign labour migration is being more important for employment mainly among unemployed people and youths who entered in labour force market. The number of foreign labour migrants and share of remittance in terms of GDP has increased. This article is based on secondary sources of information. The Global Commission on International Migration (GCIM) describes the driving forces in international migration in terms of “3Ds” (development, demography and democracy). In one side foreign labour migration has contributed to reduce poverty level and in other the income gap among migrants and non-migrants been increased. In addition, due to mail domination in foreign labour migration the role of women has been changed in households and society. It has contributed women empowerment mainly in male labour migrant’s households. Migration has occurred throughout history, and current trends certainly indicate that it will continue to increase in the future. The forces of globalization have created opportunities for greater integration of labour market globally.

COVID-19 Impact on International Migration

COVID 19 created many problems around the world and it affected everybody including migrants and immigrants. Many countries halted asylum seeker procedure in order to stop COVID 19 spreading but some countries restarted asylum seeker procedure since many people were in dangerous situation and they needed protection. Migrants and immigrants are highly vulnerable and can be infect by COVID 19. Many organizations especially international Organization played and are playing very important role to protect them against COVID 19. Migrants are working in frontline, they are in contact with other people, and the risks are very high to infect by COVID 19. Many of them hit globally very hard because of the COVID 19 especially due to the economic shut downs for example food, accommodating and personal services. Many countries closed their borders and they halted asylum seeker procedure. The number of restrictions and measures that imposed on migrants and immigrants reached 4600 around the world. Many countries have imposed travel ban especially on new comers.

Expediente

EDITOR Ênio José da Costa Brito, Ciência da Religião (PUC-SP) MANAGING EDITOR Darli Alves de Souza, Ciência da Religião (PUC-SP) SECTION EDITOR Ana Trigo, Ciências da Religião (PUC-SP) Sr. Everton de Oliveira Maraldi, Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em Ciência da Religião, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, Brazil TEXT EDITORS Eduardo Bonine, PUC SP Sra Cecilia Cordeiro Negrão, PUC/SP, Brazil maurício gonçalves righi, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, Brazil Silvana Paula da Silva Siqueira, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP), Brazil LAYOUT EDITOR Marco Antonio Fontes de Sá, PUC/SP EXAM EDITOR Darli Alves de Souza, Ciência da Religião (PUC-SP) EDITORIAL BOARD Amauri Ferreira Ferreira, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais - PUCMINAS Dr. Admilson Eustáquio Prates, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Norte de Minas Gerais- Campus Salinas. Carlos Cariacás, UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO AMAPÁ, Brazil Francisco Antônio Vasconcelos, Universidade Federal do Piaui Francisco Pinheiro de Assis, Universidade Federal do Acre Pedro Lima Vasconcelos, Universidade Federal de Alagoas Roberto Zwetsch, EST, Brazil Teodoro Hanicaz, Faculdade de Filosofia São Basilio Magno -FASBAM - Curitiba-PR SCIENTIFIC BOARD Frank Usarski, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, Brazil Jacques Dupuis, Professor emérito de filosofia social e política da Escola Politécnica de Paris. Professor de filosofia e de ciência política da universidade Stanford, Califórnia. Luís M. Figueiredo Rodrigues, Faculdade de Teologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Portugal Paolo Parise, SIMI- Scalabrini International Migration Institut https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

Bargaining over Remittances in Tajik Extended Families

This study investigates the impact of male labor migration upon wives living among their husbands’ extended families in Tajikistan. It studies the risks and choices available to such wives in bargaining for remittances, with a particular focus on the risks that daughters-in-law (kelin in Tajik) undertake when negotiating remittances with their mothers-in-law. This paper explores age and gender-specific norms in Tajik transnational families and their minimal opportunities for kelins to bargain and negotiate the risks associated with making “claims” on remittances by using Deniz Kandiyoti’s “patriarchal bargain” and Bina Agarwal’s household bargain framework, as well as extensive fieldwork conducted in Tajikistan. The study concludes that international migration and remittances have had a complex impact on gender norms in Tajikistan, with emerging new forms of passive negotiation by kelins unlikely to undermine patriarchal gender norms in their favor.