4. Rebel without a cause

2020 ◽  
pp. 56-70
Author(s):  
Oliver Gloag
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Change ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Nazi Occupation ◽  
Second World

In the midst of the Second World War, Camus realized that he could not be indifferent to the Nazi occupation of France and thus the nihilism of his absurd was untenable. Camus was still firmly against all-explaining theories and systemic change, but he had to find a way to theorize and narrate his decision to join the resistance, which on many levels contradicted some of the central tenets of the absurd. ‘Rebel without a cause’ describes how Camus would drastically change his stance in his second trilogy of works—The Plague, The Just Assassins, and The Rebel—which are part of Camus’s cycle of revolt.

scholarly journals The Paths of Books of Latvian Jews during World War II

Knygotyra ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 210-235
Author(s):  
Jana Dreimane
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Jewish Literature ◽  
World War ◽  
Soviet Occupation ◽  
Nazi Occupation ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Book Collections ◽  
Book Values ◽  
Second World

[full article, abstract in English; abstract in Lithuanian] The aim of the research is to find out the influence of the Nazi regime on preservation of historical book collections, which were established in Jewish societies, schools, religious organizations and private houses in Latvia until the first Soviet occupation (1940/1941). At the beginning, libraries of Jewish associations and other institutions were expropriated by the Soviet power, which started the elimination of Jewish books and periodicals published in the independent Republic of Latvia. The massive destruction of Jewish literature collections was carried out by Nazi occupation authorities (1941-1944/45), proclaiming Jews and Judaism as their main “enemies”. However, digitized archives of Nazi organizations (mainly documents of the Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce) shows that a small part of the Latvian Jewish book collections was preserved for research purposes and after the Second World War scattered in different countries. Analysis of archival documents will clarify the Nazi strategy for Latvian Jewish book collections. It will be determined which book values survived the war and what their further fate in the second half of the 1940s was.

Three Essays on Jewish Education during the Nazi Occupation

2000 ◽  
pp. 147-162
Author(s):  
Marian Małowist
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Jewish Education ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Warsaw Ghetto ◽  
Nazi Occupation ◽  
The Times ◽  
Jewish Youth ◽  
Second World ◽  
Spiritual Attitude

This chapter presents three essays on Jewish education during the Nazi occupation. The first essay, entitled ‘The Spiritual Attitude of Jewish Youth in the Period before the Second World War and in the Ghetto’, discusses Jewish youth and its spiritual attitude in the pre-war period and during the war. The outbreak of war, with the traumatic bombing of Warsaw and the occupation, greatly affected the young people; they were spiritually completely unprepared for the hardships of the times. The second essay, entitled ‘Jewish High Schools in Warsaw during the War’, describes in general outlines the education of young people during the war. The third essay, entitled ‘Teaching Jewish Youth in the Warsaw Ghetto during the War, 1939–1941’, looks at the situation of Jewish secondary education during the Second World War.

scholarly journals Mental healthcare in Poland

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-12
Author(s):  
Jacek Bomba
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Healthcare ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
Nazi Occupation ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

Modern mental healthcare in Poland has its foundations in the 19th century, when the country was subject to three different organisational and legal systems — of the Austrian, Prussian and Russian Empires. These differences prevailed even after the First World War. Professionals lobbying for a mental health act had no success. The Second World War left mental healthcare with significant losses among its professional groups. More than half of all Polish psychiatrists lost their lives; some of them were exterminated as Jews, some as prisoners of the Soviets. The Nazi occupation in Poland had dramatic consequences for people with a mental disturbance, as Action T4 turned into genocide on the Polish territory. The majority of psychiatric in-patients were killed. After the Second World War, the mental health system had to be rebuilt, almost from scratch. Major political changes in the country across the second part of the 20th century and revolutionary changes in mental healthcare around the world influenced psychiatric services. The purpose of this paper is to describe mental healthcare in Poland today.

scholarly journals «Så godt det lar sig gjøre» – kommenterade krigstidsbrev adresserade till Arthur Nordén från norska kollegor 1940–1945 

Viking ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joakim Goldhahn
Keyword(s):  
Personal Experience ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Nazi Occupation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nuanced Understanding ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second World ◽  
Insight Into

«As good as it can be done» – commented war letters from Norwegian colleagues to Arthur Nordén 1940–1945 This article is based on letters addressed to Arthur Nordén (1891–1965), from his Norwegian colleagues Anton Willhelm Brøgger (1884–1951) and Sverre Marstrander (1910–1986) during the Nazi occupation of Norway, which lasted from 9 April 1940 to 8 May 1945. The letters provide unique historical insights into Brøgger's and Marstrander's activities during the war and reveal how they were engaging with Swedish archaeological colleagues during the Nazi occupation of Norway. While there is no doubt the relationship between archaeology and Nazism during the Second World War is a complex issue, and one that has been addressed by a number of researchers (e.g. Nordenborg Myhre 1984, 2002; Hagen 2002), these letters reflect particular solidarity between Swedish and Norwegian colleagues. They act as aging photographs capturing unique insight into personal experience and agencies. The expressed solidarity in words and actions strengthened existing collegiality and friendships. The letters add to a more nuanced understanding of the history of our discipline. 

The Legal Status of Poles under German Occupation (1939–1945). Some Remarks on the Need for Research

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 95-110
Author(s):  
Stanisław Salmonowicz ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Third ◽  
Nazi Occupation ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
New Research ◽  
Second World

The article describes the legal status of Poles residing within the territories occupied by Nazi Germany or areas incorporated into the Third Reich during the Second World War. The author points to the examples of the limitations placed on Poles in access to goods and services, including transport, healthcare, and cultural institutions. Furthermore, he reminds us of the orders and prohibitions derived from civil, administrative, and labour laws which were imposed on Poles. The author emphasises some significant differences between the Nazi occupation in Poland and in other European countries. As a result, he advocates the conduct of new research on the issue of the real situation of Poles in various occupied regions administered by the authorities of the Third Reich.

scholarly journals Living in the Age of Axis Internationalism: Imagining Europe in Serbia Before and During the Second World War

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Antić
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Nazi Occupation ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
Second World

This article explores how ‘European civilization’ was imagined on the margins of Europe in the first half of the twentieth century, and how Balkan intellectuals saw their own societies’ place in it in the context of interwar crises and World War II occupation. It traces the interwar development and wartime transformation of the intellectual debates regarding the modernization of Serbia/Yugoslavia, the role of the Balkans in the broader European culture, and the most appropriate path to becoming a member of the ‘European family of nations’. In the first half of the article, I focus on the interwar Serbian intelligentsia, and their discussions of various forms of international cultural, political and civilizational links and settings. These discussions centrally addressed the issue of Yugoslavia’s (and Serbia’s) ‘Europeanness’ and cultural identity in the context of the East–West symbolic and the state’s complex cultural-historical legacies. Such debates demonstrated how frustrating the goal of Westernization and Europeanization turned out to be for Serbian intellectuals. After exploring the conundrums and seemingly insoluble contradictions of interwar modernization/Europeanization discussions, the article then goes on to analyse the dramatic changes in such intellectual outlooks after 1941, asking how Europe and European cultural/political integration were imagined in occupied Serbia, and whether the realities of the occupation could accommodate these earlier debates. Serbia can provide an excellent case study for exploring how the brutal Nazi occupation policies affected collaborationist governments, and how the latter tried to make sense of their troubled inclusion in the racial ideology of the New European Order under the German leadership. Was Germany’s propaganda regarding European camaraderie taken seriously by any of the local actors? What did the Third Reich’s dubious internationalism mean in the east and south-east of Europe, and did it have anything to offer to the intelligentsia as well as the population at large?

Michal Glowiński

2001 ◽  
pp. 408-413
Author(s):  
Gilbert C. Rappaport
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Polish Academy ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
First Person ◽  
World War ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Nazi Occupation ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Second World

This chapter discusses Black Seasons. This book is a compelling first-person narrative about how a Jewish boy who turned five years old in 1939 survived the Nazi occupation of Poland during the Second World War. The boy, Michał Głowiński (hereafter G), went on to become one of Poland's leading literary scholars and is currently a professor at the Polish Academy of Sciences' Institute of Literary Studies in Warsaw. Black Seasons often comes across as a drama driven by the powerful and ubiquitous tension facing G between life and death (życie i śmierć). There is constant reference to his vulnerability. Death could strike not only in a small bakery on the street, but at the hands of a neatly turned-out man who shows up at the apartment door without cause or warning. And yet the book hardly shows anyone actually dying. And G himself manages, of course, to elude his pursuer time and time again.

Forfatterforeningens æresrett i historisk og juridisk kontekst

2021 ◽  
pp. 105-137
Author(s):  
Espen Søbye
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Nazi Party ◽  
World War ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Nazi Occupation ◽  
War Criminals ◽  
The Government ◽  
Second World ◽  
Shed Light

The denazification of associations, organisations and unions is one of the lesser discussed topics from the aftermath of the Second World War. The trials against the supporters of the Nazi occupation, the Nazi leaders and war criminals have been discussed many times from many perspectives. The exclusion of members of the Norwegian Nazi party and others that sabotaged the resistance line and instead used the occupation years to personal gains of power and wealth, occurred in the organisations by the members without the use of the courtroom. In the organisations the members were both prosecutors and judges when the decisions were made; loss of membership or milder sanctions. The article argues that this was practising the freedom for the citizens to establish and to decide the rules of the organisation without the involvement of the state or other instances. The interest for these processes just after the war and how they were experienced by the members turned from low to high after the writers’ union apologized for the process on their 125 years anniversary meeting in 2018. At first the apology was positively received, but criticism also pointed out that the excuse for this group was not at all like other excuses to Jews, partisans and other victim groups by the government or other representants for the authority. The discussion about the matter shed light on questions about the rule of law for members of organisations and unions, and for the transition of the Norwegian society from occupied to free, from dictatorship to democracy.

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