2. Waging holy wars

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-36
Author(s):  
Jolyon Mitchell ◽  
Joshua Rey
Keyword(s):  
Ancient World ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Religious Activity ◽  
Holy War ◽  
Communal Life ◽  
Total Integration ◽  
Holy Place

‘Raging holy wars’ examines holy wars, beginning with an analysis of the integration of war and religion in the ancient world. Is a particular holy war fought to achieve a religious goal, such as converts or possession of a holy place; or is the war a religious activity in itself? In classical civilizations, it has quite often been the latter. As one moves toward the modern world, with its more universal sense of religion, and a less total integration of religion into communal life, the former becomes more of a factor. Perhaps the most controversial way to raise this question is the case of jihad. The chapter then considers the crusades.

Religion, war, and peace in premodern Islamicate polities and the Christian West

2021 ◽  
pp. 263300242098491
Author(s):  
Philippe Buc
Keyword(s):  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
Holy War ◽  
Boko Haram ◽  
Longue Duree ◽  
Longue Durée ◽  
Armed Violence

The plural Islams and the various Christianities deriving from late Antique Catholicism constitute two families of monotheisms whose relation to armed violence and to peace can be compared over the longue durée. In both, war and peace coexist as values, with the sense however that there can be a corrupting bad peace and a wicked bad war. Both—albeit through different media—produced norms governing warfare. For both, there is a strong correlation between holy war and societal reform. In both, the potential to sacralize a space that then has to be defended (New Jerusalems or second Hejaz) figures prominently. In both, radical warfare, reform, and purge of one’s own group can be triggered by apocalyptic or eschatological expectations (with figures such as a person anticipating typologically the return of the vengeful Christ, a last world emperor, a mujaddid, or a Mahdī). While this contribution focuses mainly on the pre-modern world, it ends on an attempt to relate the current war waged by Boko Haram to this past.

Part II Predominant Security Challenges and International Law, International Security, Ch.15 Contested Territory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Borgen Christopher J
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International Security ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Territorial Disputes ◽  
Public International Law ◽  
Security Challenges

This chapter describes the theory and practice of territorial contestation, past, present, and possibly future. It sketches the evolution of the so-called ‘modes of acquisition’ of territory and other concepts through different eras. Territorial disputes are perhaps the quintessential problem of public international law. In its transformation from the ancient world, through feudalism, and into the Westphalian system of States, territory has been repeatedly reconceptualized and reorganized from an era of frontiers to a modern world segmented by borders. This modern compartmentalization of territory emphasizes the concept of rightful ownership of title. The chapter then looks at the methods of resolving territorial disputes. It discusses political and military responses to territorial contests and judicial resolution. The chapter focuses on the particular role that recognition plays in resolving territorial disputes.

scholarly journals “INDUSTRIAL” ROCKS AND MINERALS IN STRABO’S ANCIENT WORLD (1ST CENTURY A.D.)

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 218
Author(s):  
A. Iordanidis
Keyword(s):  
Precious Metals ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
The Other ◽  
Computer Hardware ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Gold Silver ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Number Of Citations

Industrial rocks and minerals of the modern world comprise of natural products applied in e.g. energy, cement, plastics, fillers, food, computer hardware etc. Indeed, the applications of these minerals are enormous and versatile. On the other hand, industrialization had not occurred during the 1st century A.D., when Strabo, the famous geographer of the Roman era lived. Thus, the term “industrial” used in this study has a rather philological meaning and refers to the useful rocks and minerals in the ancient times. Metallic ores (copper, iron, zinc etc.), precious metals (gold, silver) and earth minerals (e.g. Kimolo’s earth, Chalkidiki’s earth, Sinopi’s earth etc.) are not included in this study. Humans of the antiquity needed building rocks, medical and pharmaceautical minerals, fertilizers for their crops, sealing agents and millstones, just to mention a few of them. The identification and classification of these valuable “industrial” rocks and minerals, mentioned in Strabo’s Geographica, is the scope of this work. The spatial distribution of these mineral resources in the ancient world of that time, is also studied. The main industrial rocks and minerals are (in descending order of the number of citations): salt, marble, asphalt, quarry rocks, sulphur, millstones, pyroclastics, clays, soda (sodium carbonate), naphtha (petroleum), asbestos and sand.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document