2. Marine biological processes

2020 ◽  
pp. 22-47
Author(s):  
Philip V. Mladenov
Keyword(s):  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Marine Microbes ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Marine Food Web ◽  
Marine Biological ◽  
Marine System ◽  
Marine Food

Roughly half of the planet’s primary production—the synthesis of organic matter by chlorophyll-bearing organisms using light energy from the sun—is produced within the Global Ocean. The primary producers in the oceans are phytoplanktonic microbes suspended in the sunlit surface layer. These energy-fixing microorganisms form the basis of the marine food web, the network of pathways through which food energy is transferred to all the other organisms in the marine system including other microbes, zooplankton, fish, marine mammals, and, ultimately, humans. ‘Marine biological processes’ outlines the four main groups of marine microbes—bacteria, archaea, protists, and viruses—and discusses the factors affecting marine primary productivity.

scholarly journals Isotopic fractionation of carbon during uptake by phytoplankton across the South Atlantic subtropical convergence

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (18) ◽  
pp. 3621-3635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robyn E. Tuerena ◽  
Raja S. Ganeshram ◽  
Matthew P. Humphreys ◽  
Thomas J. Browning ◽  
Heather Bouman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Web ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Isotopic Fractionation ◽  
Water Masses ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Carbon Uptake ◽  
The South ◽  
Marine Food Web ◽  
Marine Food

Abstract. The stable isotopic composition of particulate organic carbon (δ13CPOC) in the surface waters of the global ocean can vary with the aqueous CO2 concentration ([CO2(aq)]) and affects the trophic transfer of carbon isotopes in the marine food web. Other factors such as cell size, growth rate and carbon concentrating mechanisms decouple this observed correlation. Here, the variability in δ13CPOC is investigated in surface waters across the south subtropical convergence (SSTC) in the Atlantic Ocean, to determine carbon isotope fractionation (εp) by phytoplankton and the contrasting mechanisms of carbon uptake in the subantarctic and subtropical water masses. Our results indicate that cell size is the primary determinant of δ13CPOC across the Atlantic SSTC in summer. Combining cell size estimates with CO2 concentrations, we can accurately estimate εp within the varying surface water masses in this region. We further utilize these results to investigate future changes in εp with increased anthropogenic carbon availability. Our results suggest that smaller cells, which are prevalent in the subtropical ocean, will respond less to increased [CO2(aq)] than the larger cells found south of the SSTC and in the wider Southern Ocean. In the subantarctic water masses, isotopic fractionation during carbon uptake will likely increase, both with increasing CO2 availability to the cell, but also if increased stratification leads to decreases in average community cell size. Coupled with decreasing δ13C of [CO2(aq)] due to anthropogenic CO2 emissions, this change in isotopic fractionation and lowering of δ13CPOC may propagate through the marine food web, with implications for the use of δ13CPOC as a tracer of dietary sources in the marine environment.

scholarly journals Isotopic fractionation of carbon during uptake by phytoplankton across the South Atlantic subtropical convergence

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robyn E. Tuerena ◽  
Raja S. Ganeshram ◽  
Matthew P. Humphreys ◽  
Thomas J. Browning ◽  
Heather Bouman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Web ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Isotopic Fractionation ◽  
Water Masses ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Carbon Uptake ◽  
The South ◽  
Marine Food Web ◽  
Marine Food

Abstract. The stable isotopic composition of particulate organic carbon (δ13CPOC) in the surface waters of the global ocean can vary with the aqueous CO2 concentration ([CO2(aq)]) and affects the trophic transfer of carbon isotopes in the marine food web. Other factors such as cell size, growth rate and carbon concentrating mechanisms decouple this observed correlation. Here, the variability in δ13CPOC is investigated in surface waters across the south subtropical convergence (SSTC) in the Atlantic Ocean, to determine carbon isotope fractionation (εp) by phytoplankton and the contrasting mechanisms of carbon uptake in the subantarctic and subtropical water masses. Our results indicate that cell size is the primary determinant of δ13CPOC across the Atlantic SSTC in summer. Combining cell size estimates with CO2 concentrations, we can accurately estimate εp within the varying surface water masses in this region. We further utilize these results to investigate future changes in εp with increased anthropogenic carbon availability. Our results suggest that smaller cells, which are prevalent in the subtropical ocean, will respond less to increased [CO2(aq)] than the larger cells found south of the SSTC and in the wider Southern Ocean. In the subantarctic water masses, isotopic fractionation during carbon uptake will likely increase, both with increasing CO2 availability to the cell, but also if increased stratification leads to decreases in average community cell size. Coupled with decreasing δ13C of [CO2(aq)] due to anthropogenic CO2 emissions, this change in isotopic fractionation and lowering of δ13CPOC may propagate through the marine food web, with implications for the use of δ13CPOC as a tracer of dietary sources in the marine environment.

Tracking Dietary Sources of Short- and Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Marine Mammals through a Subtropical Marine Food Web

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (17) ◽  
pp. 9543-9552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lixi Zeng ◽  
James C. W. Lam ◽  
Hui Chen ◽  
Bibai Du ◽  
Kenneth M. Y. Leung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Web ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Marine Food Web ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Chlorinated Paraffins ◽  
Marine Food

scholarly journals A Promising Development for Detecting Ocean Productivity

Eos ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terri Cook
Keyword(s):  
Primary Productivity ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
North Pacific Ocean ◽  
Marine Food Web ◽  
The North ◽  
Ocean Productivity ◽  
Marine Food ◽  
Promising Development ◽  
Productivity Measurements ◽  
The North Pacific

A comparison of primary productivity measurements across the North Pacific Ocean demonstrates the potential for using autonomous instruments to discern effects of climate change on the marine food web.

scholarly journals A total of 219 metagenome-assembled genomes of microorganisms from Icelandic marine waters

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11112
Author(s):  
Clara Jégousse ◽  
Pauline Vannier ◽  
René Groben ◽  
Frank Oliver Glöckner ◽  
Viggó Marteinsson
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Marine Microorganisms ◽  
Complex Environment ◽  
Mock Community ◽  
Marine Food Web ◽  
Marine Food ◽  
And Function ◽  
Marine Microbial Diversity

Marine microorganisms contribute to the health of the global ocean by supporting the marine food web and regulating biogeochemical cycles. Assessing marine microbial diversity is a crucial step towards understanding the global ocean. The waters surrounding Iceland are a complex environment where relatively warm salty waters from the Atlantic cool down and sink down to the deep. Microbial studies in this area have focused on photosynthetic micro- and nanoplankton mainly using microscopy and chlorophyll measurements. However, the diversity and function of the bacterial and archaeal picoplankton remains unknown. Here, we used a co-assembly approach supported by a marine mock community to reconstruct metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from 31 metagenomes from the sea surface and seafloor of four oceanographic sampling stations sampled between 2015 and 2018. The resulting 219 MAGs include 191 bacterial, 26 archaeal and two eukaryotic MAGs to bridge the gap in our current knowledge of the global marine microbiome.

scholarly journals Biological Response of Planktic Foraminifera to Decline in Seawater pH

Biology ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Shuaishuai Dong ◽  
Yanli Lei ◽  
Hongsheng Bi ◽  
Kuidong Xu ◽  
Tiegang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Response ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Geological Time ◽  
Planktic Foraminifera ◽  
Geological Time Scale ◽  
Marine Food Web ◽  
Seawater Ph ◽  
Geochemical Indices ◽  
Marine Food ◽  
Biological Development

Understanding the way in which a decline in ocean pH can affect calcareous organisms could enhance our ability to predict the impacts of the potential decline in seawater pH on marine ecosystems, and could help to reconstruct the paleoceanographic events over a geological time scale. Planktic foraminifera are among the most important biological proxies for these studies; however, the existing research on planktic foraminifera is almost exclusively based on their geochemical indices, without the inclusion of information on their biological development. Through a series of on-board experiments in the western tropical Pacific (134°33′54″ E, 12°32′47″ N), the present study showed that the symbiont-bearing calcifier Trilobatus sacculifer—a planktic foraminifer—responded rapidly to a decline in seawater pH, including losing symbionts, bleaching, etc. Several indices were established to quantify the relationships between these biological parameters and seawater pH, which could be used to reconstruct the paleoceanographic seawater pH. We further postulated that the loss of symbionts in planktic foraminifera acts as an adaptive response to the stress of low pH. Our results indicate that an ongoing decline in seawater pH may hinder the growth and calcification of planktic foraminifera by altering their biological processes. A reduction in carbonate deposition and predation could have profound effects on the carbon cycle and energy flow in the marine food web.

scholarly journals Complexities of disturbance response in a marine food web

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristy A. Lewis ◽  
Robert R. Christian ◽  
Charles W. Martin ◽  
Kira L. Allen ◽  
Ashley M. McDonald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Web ◽  
Marine Food Web ◽  
Disturbance Response ◽  
Marine Food

The Role of Ammonites in the Mesozoic Marine Food Web Revealed by Jaw Preservation

Science ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 331 (6013) ◽  
pp. 70-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Kruta ◽  
N. Landman ◽  
I. Rouget ◽  
F. Cecca ◽  
P. Tafforeau
Keyword(s):  
Food Web ◽  
Marine Food Web ◽  
Marine Food

scholarly journals Inter-annual cascade effect on marine food web: A benthic pathway lagging nutrient supply to pelagic fish stock

PLoS ONE ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. e0184512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lohengrin Dias de Almeida Fernandes ◽  
Eduardo Barros Fagundes Netto ◽  
Ricardo Coutinho ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Food Web ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Pelagic Fish ◽  
Fish Stock ◽  
Marine Food Web ◽  
Cascade Effect ◽  
Marine Food
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