scholarly journals The Impact of Self-Efficacy and Health Locus of Control on Performance Validity Testing

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 1162-1167
Author(s):  
Patrick Armistead-Jehle ◽  
Sara M Lippa ◽  
Chad E Grills
Keyword(s):  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Health Locus Of Control ◽  
Symptom Validity ◽  
Performance Validity ◽  
Validity Testing ◽  
Validity Test ◽  
Medical Symptom ◽  
Symptom Validity Test ◽  
Performance Validity Testing

Abstract Objective Recent research has examined potential influences to performance validity testing beyond intentional feigning. The current study sought to examine the hypothesized relationships of two psychological constructs (self-efficacy and health locus of control) with performance validity testing (PVT). Method Retrospective review of 158 mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) cases referred to an Army outpatient clinic for neuropsychological evaluation. The mTBI cases were classified according to passing or failing the Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT) or Non-Verbal Medical Symptom Validity Test (NV-MSVT). Group comparisons were performed utilizing one-way ANOVA to evaluate the differences between the PVT-Pass and PVT-Fail groups on self-efficacy (MMPI-2-RF Inefficacy scale) and locus of control (Multi-Dimensional Health Locus of Control). Results There was no relationship between self-efficacy or health locus of control and passing/failing PVTs. Conclusions Further research is warranted to explore potential influences on PVT performance, which we conceptualize as analogous to experimental nuisance variables that may be amenable to intervention.

A Known-Groups Validation of the Medical Symptom Validity Test and Analysis of the Genuine Memory Impairment Profile

Assessment ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 107319112098391
Author(s):  
Zachary J. Resch ◽  
Tasha Rhoads ◽  
Gabriel P. Ovsiew ◽  
Jason R. Soble
Keyword(s):  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Functional Decline ◽  
Symptom Validity ◽  
Validity Scales ◽  
Performance Validity ◽  
Cut Scores ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Validity Test ◽  
Medical Symptom ◽  
Symptom Validity Test

This study cross-validated the Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT) in a mixed neuropsychiatric sample and examined its accuracy for identifying invalid neuropsychological performance using a known-groups design. Cross-sectional data from 129 clinical patients who completed the MSVT were examined. Validity groups were established using six, independent criterion performance validity tests, which yielded 98 patients in the valid group and 31 in the invalid group. All MSVT subtest scores were significantly lower in the invalid group (η p2=.22-.39). Using published cut-scores, sensitivities of 42% to 71% were found among the primary effort subtests, and 74% sensitivity/90% specificity was observed for the overall MSVT. Among this sample, the MSVT component validity scales produced areas under the curve of .78-.86, suggesting moderate classification accuracy. At optimal cut-scores, the MSVT primary effort validity scales demonstrated 55% to 71% sensitivity/91% to 93% specificity, with the Consistency subtest exhibiting the strongest psychometric properties. The MSVT exhibited relatively robust sensitivity and specificity, supporting its utility as a briefer freestanding performance validity test to its predecessor, the Word Memory Test. Finally, the Genuine Memory Impairment Profile appears promising for patients with Major Neurocognitive Disorder, but is cautioned against for those without significant functional decline in activities of daily living at this time.

scholarly journals Self-efficacy and Performance Validity Testing in Active Duty Service Members

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 834-834
Author(s):  
P Armistead-Jehle ◽  
C Grills
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Service Members ◽  
Performance Validity ◽  
Perceived Injustice ◽  
Nocebo Effect ◽  
Validity Testing ◽  
Validity Test ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Validity Testing

Abstract Objective The base rate of performance validity test (PVT) failure in the military has been relatively well established and averages approximately 33% in clinical and 50% in disability samples, respectively. Secondary gain is an omnipresent concern; however, frank malingering may not account for all cases of PVT failure. As a result, other psychological and social factors potentially associated with PVT failure have been suggested and include nocebo effect, diagnosis threat, perceived injustice, and loss aversion. Self-efficacy has been associated with a range of medical and psychological conditions and outcomes. It was hypothesized that self-efficacy would be among the psychosocial factors impacting PVT failure. Method A retrospective review of 263 US Service Members administered the MMPI-2-RF and the Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT) and/or the Non-Verbal MSVT (NV-MSVT) in the context of neuropsychological assessments was conducted. Results Correlations between the MMPI-2-RF Inefficacy sub-scale (NFC) and MSVT and NV-MSVT were not statistically significant (r = -0.10, p = .12 & r = -.04, p = .53, respectively). Moreover, the Inefficacy sub-scale did not significantly differ as a function of PVT performance (non-significant t-tests) and effect sizes were low (Cohen’s d of .22 [MSVT] and .11 [NV-MSVT]). Conclusions Contrary to initial expectations, the current data failed to demonstrate a reliable relationship between self-efficacy and PVT performances. While various psychosocial variables have been associated with performance validity testing, it appears that self-efficacy is not.

scholarly journals A-75 Predicting neurocognitive impairment using the Green’s Medical Symptom Validity Test dementia profile formula

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 935-935
Author(s):  
E Ringdahl ◽  
R Seegmiller ◽  
J Aden ◽  
C Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Neurocognitive Impairment ◽  
Difference Score ◽  
Symptom Validity ◽  
Neurocognitive Disorder ◽  
Performance Validity ◽  
Validity Test ◽  
Medical Symptom ◽  
Symptom Validity Test ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Objective The Green’s Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT) is a measure of performance validity and has a formula to help distinguish genuine cognitive impairment from suboptimal engagement. The current study used the MSVT “dementia profile” formula to discriminate patients with no neurocognitive disorder (no NCD), mild neurocognitive disorder (mild NCD), and major neurocognitive disorder (major NCD). Method 198 patients who were seen for comprehensive outpatient neuropsychological testing and passed all MSVT validity measures were included in the study. Specifically, participants included 103 persons with no NCD, 62 diagnosed with a mild NCD, and 33 with major NCD, who were collectively 58% male, with a mean age of 52-years-old (SD = 16.1) and mean education of 14.5 years (SD = 2.5). Results The difference score between easy and hard MSVT subtests predicted group assignment (r = .57, p < .001) and effectively differentiated the three groups (p < .001). Mean difference scores of both groups with diagnosed NCD exceeded recommended criteria suggestive of genuine cognitive impairment, with the differences score of major NCD being greater (p < .01) than the mild NCD. Group differences remained significant (p < .001) after adjusting for the effects of age and education. When the NCD groups were compared to the no diagnosis group, ROC curve analysis produced an AUC of .84, with a sensitivity of .72 and specificity of .83. Conclusions Findings from this study validate the established difference score between easy and hard subtests of the MSVT, and suggest that the difference score on a valid MSVT profile yields diagnostically relevant information pertaining to the level of an individual’s neurocognitive impairment.

scholarly journals Health Locus of Control and Symptom Validity Testing in a Military Context

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 833-833
Author(s):  
P Armistead-Jehle ◽  
C Grills
Keyword(s):  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Health Locus Of Control ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Symptom Validity ◽  
Perceived Injustice ◽  
Nocebo Effect ◽  
Validity Testing ◽  
Validity Test ◽  
Symptom Validity Testing ◽  
Psychological Conditions

Abstract Objective The base rate of symptom validity test (SVT) failure in the military has been the subject of recent investigation. Secondary gain is a potential factor in this population; however, frank malingering may not account for all cases of SVT failure. As a result, other psychological and social factors potentially associated with validity test failure have been suggested and include nocebo effect, diagnosis threat, and perceived injustice. Locus of Control (LOC) has been associated with a range of medical/psychological conditions/outcomes and this study examined the relationship between LOC and SVT performance. Method A retrospective review of adult patients administered the Multi-dimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLCS) and the MMPI-2-RF (n = 53) or the PAI (n = 143) in the context of neuropsychological assessments in a military treatment facility was conducted. Results MHLCS Internal and Powerful Others subscales had very limited associations with the evaluated SVTs. However, the MHLCS Chance subscale was significantly correlated with MMPI-2-RF Fp (r = .37, p < .05) and Fs (r = .29, p < .05) and PAI NIM scales (r = .26, p < .01). The MHLCS Chance subscale scores were significantly higher in those failing the PAI NIM (t = 3.0, p < .01) and MMPI-2-RF Fp (t = 2.5, p < .05) and FBS (t = 2.5, p < .05) scales, with moderate to large effect sizes (Cohen’s d ranging from 0.76 to 0.99). Conclusions The current data indicate limited relationships between MHLC internal and powerful others subscales and SVT performance. However, higher Chance subscale scores were associated with failed SVTs.

scholarly journals A-224 Clinical Utility of Grooved Pegboard as an Additional Embedded Measure of Performance Validity

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1019-1019
Author(s):  
Link J ◽  
Lu L ◽  
Armistead-Jehle P ◽  
Seegmiller R
Keyword(s):  
Digit Span ◽  
Symptom Validity ◽  
Dominant Hand ◽  
Performance Validity ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Validity Test ◽  
Medical Symptom ◽  
Symptom Validity Test ◽  
Measure Of Performance ◽  
Embedded Measure

Abstract Objective Previously, the Grooved Pegboard Test (GPB) has shown potential as an embedded measure of performance validity (PVT) using a T-score cutoff for either hand (≤ 29) or both hands (≤ 31). This study sought to validate these cutoffs with established PVTs (Medical Symptom Validity Test [MSVT], Non-Verbal Medical Symptom Validity Test [NV-MSVT], and Reliable Digit Span [RDS]). Method Subjects (N = 190) were primarily Caucasian (85%) and male (81%). Average age and education were 41 (SD = 11.62) and 16 years (SD = 2.35), respectively. Participants were stratified as GPB “pass or fail” based on previously proposed cutoff criteria. MSVT, NV-MSVT, and RDS were also dichotomized as pass or fail based on manual or conventional recommendations. Results Chi-Square analyses revealed significant associations between GPB “fails” for both hands and MSVT, NV-MSVT, and RDS (χ2 (1, n = 190) ranging from 5.80 to 15.98, Phi ranging from .18 to .29, p ranging from &lt; .05 to &lt; .0001). Similar findings were observed for dominant hand “fails”; however, non-dominant hand was only related to the MSVT. Sensitivity and specificity values from the GPB measures ranged from .47 to .58 and from .89 to .92, respectively. Positive and negative predictive power ranged from .38 to .45 and .93 to .94, respectively. Conclusion These data demonstrate the relative utility of the GPB as an embedded PVT. In particular, dominant and both hand cutoffs are likely to be more clinically useful in determining sub-optimal performance. However, as sensitivity is relatively low, this measure should not be employed as the sole PVT administered.

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